OGL球体纹理和立方体纹理

球体纹理(环境纹理)

sphere_map, 球体纹理是在一个球体表面应用一张二维纹理。

拍摄照片

表现现象是在物体的表面反射周围其它物体的映像，为了得到环境纹理，需要使用角度极大的广角镜头（鱼眼镜头）拍摄周围物体的照片，把照片扫描下来作为环境纹理贴图。

OGL环境纹理贴图算法

OGL提供了环境纹理贴图算法，可以自动生成环境纹理坐标。类似镜面反射的Phone光照模型求得反射向量，总纹理坐标分母等于反射向量长度的2倍，m = 2*sqrt(Rx^2 +Rｙ^2 + (Rz + 1)^2).

最后纹理坐标s = rx/m +0.5, t = ry/m + 0.5. 用极限法rx/m属于(-0.5, 0.5)，故s, t属于(0,1)，得到纹理坐标。

球体纹理可以用于天空盒。

设置代码

glTexGeni(GL_S, GL_TEXTURE_GEN_MODE, GL_SPHERE_MAP);

glTexGeni(GL_T, GL_TEXTURE_GEN_MODE, GL_SPHERE_MAP);

glEnable(GL_TEXTURE_GEN_S);

glEnable(GL_TEXTURE_GEN_T);

我们并不需要为纹理坐标生成函数指定任何参数。

立方图纹理

cube_map, 立方图纹理是将整个空间划分为6个平面，每个平面应用一个二维纹理贴图。立方图纹理非常适用于实现环境，反射和光照效果。可以使立方图纹理映射到球体上面，使得纹理均匀的分布于它的各个面。

可以在场景的原点放置相机，对准各个轴的方向拍摄一张图片，然后将照片映射到各个面上。立方图纹理各个轴都是独立的，因此可以独立的采用纹理边框，mipmap, 复制图像，子图像以及多重纹理等。可以使用GL_PROXY_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP把立方图纹理视为一个整体。

立方图纹理的设置

纹理贴图的指定：

glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_POSITIVE_X_EXT, 0, GL_RGBA, imageSize,

imageSize, 0, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, image1);

glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_NEGATIVE_X_EXT, 0, GL_RGBA, imageSize,

imageSize, 0, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, image4);

glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_POSITIVE_Y_EXT, 0, GL_RGBA, imageSize,

imageSize, 0, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, image2);

glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_NEGATIVE_Y_EXT, 0, GL_RGBA, imageSize,

imageSize, 0, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, image5);

glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_POSITIVE_Z_EXT, 0, GL_RGBA, imageSize,

imageSize, 0, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, image3);

glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_NEGATIVE_Z_EXT, 0, GL_RGBA, imageSize,

imageSize, 0, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, image6);

环绕和过滤参数的指定

glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_EXT, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_REPEAT);

glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_EXT, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_REPEAT);

glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_EXT, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_R, GL_REPEAT);

glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_EXT, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_NEAREST);

glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_EXT, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_NEAREST);

纹理坐标的生成

1）GL_REFLECTION_MAP所使用的计算方式和GL_SPHERE_MAP类似，只是将反射向量直接作为纹理坐标，非常适用于代替环境纹理贴图，其实每个面都可以看到其它纹理图像的，类似环境纹理贴图。

2）GL_NORMAL_MAP适用于渲染具有无限远处的光源，以及散射反射的场景，使用模型视图矩阵把顶点的法线变换为视觉坐标，它产生的(nx, ny, nz)就作为纹理坐标(s,t,r)刚好将6个面都独立的应用上6张纹理。

glTexGeni(GL_S, GL_TEXTURE_GEN_MODE, GL_NORMAL_MAP_EXT);

glTexGeni(GL_T, GL_TEXTURE_GEN_MODE, GL_NORMAL_MAP_EXT);

glTexGeni(GL_R, GL_TEXTURE_GEN_MODE, GL_NORMAL_MAP_EXT);

glEnable(GL_TEXTURE_GEN_S);

glEnable(GL_TEXTURE_GEN_T);

glEnable(GL_TEXTURE_GEN_R);

实例代码

/*
 * Copyright (c) 1993-2003, Silicon Graphics, Inc.
 * All Rights Reserved
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 * Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
 * purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
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 * and that the name of Silicon Graphics, Inc. not be used in
 * advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software
 * without specific, written prior permission.
 *
 * THE MATERIAL EMBODIED ON THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED TO YOU "AS-IS" AND
 * WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR OTHERWISE,
 * INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  IN NO EVENT SHALL SILICON
 * GRAPHICS, INC.  BE LIABLE TO YOU OR ANYONE ELSE FOR ANY DIRECT,
 * SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OF ANY KIND,
 * OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION, LOSS OF
 * PROFIT, LOSS OF USE, SAVINGS OR REVENUE, OR THE CLAIMS OF THIRD
 * PARTIES, WHETHER OR NOT SILICON GRAPHICS, INC.  HAS BEEN ADVISED OF
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 * LIABILITY, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE POSSESSION, USE
 * OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
 *
 * US Government Users Restricted Rights 
 * Use, duplication, or disclosure by the Government is subject to
 * restrictions set forth in FAR 52.227.19(c)(2) or subparagraph
 * (c)(1)(ii) of the Rights in Technical Data and Computer Software
 * clause at DFARS 252.227-7013 and/or in similar or successor clauses
 * in the FAR or the DOD or NASA FAR Supplement.  Unpublished - rights
 * reserved under the copyright laws of the United States.
 *
 * Contractor/manufacturer is:
 *	Silicon Graphics, Inc.
 *	1500 Crittenden Lane
 *	Mountain View, CA  94043
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 *
 * OpenGL(R) is a registered trademark of Silicon Graphics, Inc.
 */

/*  cubemap.c
 *
 *  This program demonstrates cube map textures.
 *  Six different colored checker board textures are
 *  created and applied to a lit sphere.
 *
 *  Pressing the 'f' and 'b' keys translate the viewer
 *  forward and backward.
 */

#include <GL/glew.h>
#include <GL/glut.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#pragma  comment(lib, "glew32d.lib")

#define	imageSize 4
static GLubyte image1[imageSize][imageSize][4];
static GLubyte image2[imageSize][imageSize][4];
static GLubyte image3[imageSize][imageSize][4];
static GLubyte image4[imageSize][imageSize][4];
static GLubyte image5[imageSize][imageSize][4];
static GLubyte image6[imageSize][imageSize][4];

static GLdouble ztrans = 0.0;

void makeImages(void)
{
   int i, j, c;
    
   for (i = 0; i < imageSize; i++) {
      for (j = 0; j < imageSize; j++) {
         c = ((((i&0x1)==0)^((j&0x1))==0))*255;
         image1[i][j][0] = (GLubyte) c;
         image1[i][j][1] = (GLubyte) c;
         image1[i][j][2] = (GLubyte) c;
         image1[i][j][3] = (GLubyte) 255;

         image2[i][j][0] = (GLubyte) c;
         image2[i][j][1] = (GLubyte) c;
         image2[i][j][2] = (GLubyte) 0;
         image2[i][j][3] = (GLubyte) 255;

         image3[i][j][0] = (GLubyte) c;
         image3[i][j][1] = (GLubyte) 0;
         image3[i][j][2] = (GLubyte) c;
         image3[i][j][3] = (GLubyte) 255;

         image4[i][j][0] = (GLubyte) 0;
         image4[i][j][1] = (GLubyte) c;
         image4[i][j][2] = (GLubyte) c;
         image4[i][j][3] = (GLubyte) 255;

         image5[i][j][0] = (GLubyte) 255;
         image5[i][j][1] = (GLubyte) c;
         image5[i][j][2] = (GLubyte) c;
         image5[i][j][3] = (GLubyte) 255;

         image6[i][j][0] = (GLubyte) c;
         image6[i][j][1] = (GLubyte) c;
         image6[i][j][2] = (GLubyte) 255;
         image6[i][j][3] = (GLubyte) 255;
      }
   }
}

void init(void)
{
   GLfloat diffuse[4] = {1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0};

   glClearColor (0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
   glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
   glShadeModel(GL_SMOOTH);

   makeImages();
   glPixelStorei(GL_UNPACK_ALIGNMENT, 1);
   glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_EXT, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_REPEAT);
   glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_EXT, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_REPEAT);
   glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_EXT, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_R, GL_REPEAT);
   glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_EXT, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_NEAREST);
   glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_EXT, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_NEAREST);
   glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_POSITIVE_X_EXT, 0, GL_RGBA, imageSize, 
                imageSize, 0, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, image1);
   glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_NEGATIVE_X_EXT, 0, GL_RGBA, imageSize, 
                imageSize, 0, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, image4);
   glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_POSITIVE_Y_EXT, 0, GL_RGBA, imageSize,
                imageSize, 0, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, image2);
   glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_NEGATIVE_Y_EXT, 0, GL_RGBA, imageSize,
                imageSize, 0, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, image5);
   glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_POSITIVE_Z_EXT, 0, GL_RGBA, imageSize,
                imageSize, 0, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, image3);
   glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_NEGATIVE_Z_EXT, 0, GL_RGBA, imageSize,
                imageSize, 0, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, image6);
   glTexGeni(GL_S, GL_TEXTURE_GEN_MODE, GL_NORMAL_MAP_EXT);
   glTexGeni(GL_T, GL_TEXTURE_GEN_MODE, GL_NORMAL_MAP_EXT);
   glTexGeni(GL_R, GL_TEXTURE_GEN_MODE, GL_NORMAL_MAP_EXT); 
   glEnable(GL_TEXTURE_GEN_S);
   glEnable(GL_TEXTURE_GEN_T);
   glEnable(GL_TEXTURE_GEN_R);

   glTexEnvf(GL_TEXTURE_ENV, GL_TEXTURE_ENV_MODE, GL_MODULATE);

   glEnable(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_EXT);   
   glEnable(GL_LIGHTING);
   glEnable(GL_LIGHT0);
   glEnable(GL_AUTO_NORMAL);
   glEnable(GL_NORMALIZE);
   glMaterialfv (GL_FRONT, GL_DIFFUSE, diffuse);
}

void display(void)
{
   glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);

   glPushMatrix ();
   glTranslatef (0.0, 0.0, ztrans);
   glutSolidSphere (5.0, 20, 10);
   glPopMatrix ();
   glutSwapBuffers();
}

void reshape(int w, int h)
{
   glViewport(0, 0, (GLsizei) w, (GLsizei) h);
   glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);
   glLoadIdentity();
   gluPerspective(40.0, (GLfloat) w/(GLfloat) h, 1.0, 300.0);
   glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);
   glLoadIdentity();
   glTranslatef(0.0, 0.0, -20.0);
}

void keyboard (unsigned char key, int x, int y)
{
   switch (key) {
      case 'f':
         ztrans = ztrans - 0.2;
         glutPostRedisplay();
         break;
      case 'b':
         ztrans = ztrans + 0.2;
         glutPostRedisplay();
         break;
      case 27:
         exit(0);
         break;
      default:
         break;
   }
}

int main(int argc, char** argv)
{
   glutInit(&argc, argv);
   glutInitDisplayMode (GLUT_DOUBLE | GLUT_RGB | GLUT_DEPTH);
   glutInitWindowSize(400, 400);
   glutInitWindowPosition(100, 100);
   glutCreateWindow (argv[0]);
   init ();
   glutDisplayFunc(display);
   glutReshapeFunc(reshape);
   glutKeyboardFunc(keyboard);
   glutMainLoop();
   return 0;
}