Cygwin简单使用（学习笔记）

科幻木影

已于 2023-11-04 16:05:59 修改

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文章标签： linux windows

于 2023-11-04 15:40:17 首次发布

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/CCS_Jack/article/details/134218953

版权

一、简介

Cygwin是一个在windows平台上运行的类UNIX模拟环境，是cygnus solutions公司开发的自由软件(该公司开发的著名工具还有eCos，不过现已被Redhat收购)。它对于学习UNIX/Linux操作环境，或者从UNIX到Windows的应用程序移植，或者进行某些特殊的开发工作，尤其是使用GNU工具集在Windows上进行嵌入式系统开发，非常有用。随着嵌入式系统开发在国内日渐流行，越来越多的开发者对Cygwin产生了兴趣。

Cygwin 提供一个UNIX 模拟 DLL 以及在其上层构建的多种可以在 Linux 系统中找到的软件包，在 Windows XP SP3 以上的版本提供良好的支持。Cygwin主要由Red Hat及其下属社区负责维护。

二、下载安装

下载链接，系统是64位的，可以直接选择setup-x86_64.exe下载

下载完，打开，如果想默认安装路径的，可以一路下一页，直到这一页

这页可以给环境选择安装一些软件包，例如vim、git、wget、python、opencv等工具。

三、给Cygwin安装apt-cyg

直接复制下面这段代码，保存为apt-cyg文件，然后放到cygwin的安装目录下的bin目录下即可。

#!/bin/bash
# apt-cyg: install tool for Cygwin similar to debian apt-get
#
# The MIT License (MIT)
#
# Copyright (c) 2013 Trans-code Design
#
# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
# of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
# in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
# to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
# copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
# furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
#
# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
# all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
#
# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
# IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
# FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
# AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
# LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
# OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
# THE SOFTWARE.

if [ ${BASH_VERSINFO}${BASH_VERSINFO[1]} -lt 42 ]
then
  echo 'Bash version 4.2+ required'
  exit
fi

usage="\
NAME
  apt-cyg - package manager utility

SYNOPSIS
  apt-cyg [operation] [options] [targets]

DESCRIPTION
  apt-cyg is a package management utility that tracks installed packages on a
  Cygwin system. Invoking apt-cyg involves specifying an operation with any
  potential options and targets to operate on. A target is usually a package
  name, file name, URL, or a search string. Targets can be provided as command
  line arguments.

OPERATIONS
  install
    Install package(s).

  remove
    Remove package(s) from the system.

  update
    Download a fresh copy of the master package list (setup.ini) from the
    server defined in setup.rc.

  download
    Retrieve package(s) from the server, but do not install/upgrade anything.

  show
    Display information on given package(s).

  depends
    Produce a dependency tree for a package.

  rdepends
    Produce a tree of packages that depend on the named package.

  list
    Search each locally-installed package for names that match regexp. If no
    package names are provided in the command line, all installed packages will
    be queried.

  listall
    This will search each package in the master package list (setup.ini) for
    names that match regexp.

  category
    Display all packages that are members of a named category.

  listfiles
    List all files owned by a given package. Multiple packages can be specified
    on the command line.

  search
    Search for downloaded packages that own the specified file(s). The path can
    be relative or absolute, and one or more files can be specified.

  searchall
    Search cygwin.com to retrieve file information about packages. The provided
    target is considered to be a filename and searchall will return the
    package(s) which contain this file.

  mirror
    Set the mirror; a full URL to a location where the database, packages, and
    signatures for this repository can be found. If no URL is provided, display
    current mirror.

  cache
    Set the package cache directory. If a file is not found in cache directory,
    it will be downloaded. Unix and Windows forms are accepted, as well as
    absolute or regular paths. If no directory is provided, display current
    cache.

OPTIONS
  --nodeps
    Specify this option to skip all dependency checks.

  --version
    Display version and exit.
"

version="\
apt-cyg version 1

The MIT License (MIT)

Copyright (c) 2005-9 Stephen Jungels
"

function wget {
  if command wget -h &>/dev/null
  then
    command wget "$@"
  else
    warn wget is not installed, using lynx as fallback
    set "${*: -1}"
    lynx -source "$1" > "${1##*/}"
  fi
}

function find-workspace {
  # default working directory and mirror
  
  # work wherever setup worked last, if possible
  cache=$(awk '
  BEGIN {
    RS = "\n\\<"
    FS = "\n\t"
  }
  $1 == "last-cache" {
    print $2
  }
  ' /etc/setup/setup.rc)

  mirror=$(awk '
  /last-mirror/ {
    getline
    print $1
  }
  ' /etc/setup/setup.rc)
  mirrordir=$(sed '
  s / %2f g
  s : %3a g
  ' <<< "$mirror")

  mkdir -p "$cache/$mirrordir/$arch"
  cd "$cache/$mirrordir/$arch"
  if [ -e setup.ini ]
  then
    return 0
  else
    get-setup
    return 1
  fi
}

function get-setup {
  touch setup.ini
  mv setup.ini setup.ini-save
  wget -N $mirror/$arch/setup.bz2
  if [ -e setup.bz2 ]
  then
    bunzip2 setup.bz2
    mv setup setup.ini
    echo Updated setup.ini
  else
    echo Error updating setup.ini, reverting
    mv setup.ini-save setup.ini
  fi
}

function check-packages {
  if [[ $pks ]]
  then
    return 0
  else
    echo No packages found.
    return 1
  fi
}

function warn {
  printf '\e[1;31m%s\e[m\n' "$*" >&2
}

function apt-update {
  if find-workspace
  then
    get-setup
  fi
}

function apt-category {
  check-packages
  find-workspace
  for pkg in "${pks[@]}"
  do
    awk '
    $1 == "@" {
      pck = $2
    }
    $1 == "category:" && $0 ~ query {
      print pck
    }
    ' query="$pks" setup.ini
  done
}

function apt-list {
  local sbq
  for pkg in "${pks[@]}"
  do
    let sbq++ && echo
    awk 'NR>1 && $1~pkg && $0=$1' pkg="$pkg" /etc/setup/installed.db
  done
  let sbq && return
  awk 'NR>1 && $0=$1' /etc/setup/installed.db
}

function apt-listall {
  check-packages
  find-workspace
  local sbq
  for pkg in "${pks[@]}"
  do
    let sbq++ && echo
    awk '$1~pkg && $0=$1' RS='\n\n@ ' FS='\n' pkg="$pkg" setup.ini
  done
}

function apt-listfiles {
  check-packages
  find-workspace
  local pkg sbq
  for pkg in "${pks[@]}"
  do
    (( sbq++ )) && echo
    if [ ! -e /etc/setup/"$pkg".lst.gz ]
    then
      download "$pkg"
    fi
    gzip -cd /etc/setup/"$pkg".lst.gz
  done
}

function apt-show {
  find-workspace
  check-packages
  for pkg in "${pks[@]}"
  do
    (( notfirst++ )) && echo
    awk '
    $1 == query {
      print
      fd++
    }
    END {
      if (! fd)
        print "Unable to locate package " query
    }
    ' RS='\n\n@ ' FS='\n' query="$pkg" setup.ini
  done
}

function apt-depends {
  find-workspace
  check-packages
  for pkg in "${pks[@]}"
  do
    awk '
    @include "join"
    $1 == "@" {
      apg = $2
    }
    $1 == "requires:" {
      for (z=2; z<=NF; z++)
        reqs[apg][z-1] = $z
    }
    END {
      prpg(ENVIRON["pkg"])
    }
    function smartmatch(small, large,    values) {
      for (each in large)
        values[large[each]]
      return small in values
    }
    function prpg(fpg) {
      if (smartmatch(fpg, spath)) return
      spath[length(spath)+1] = fpg
      print join(spath, 1, length(spath), " > ")
      if (isarray(reqs[fpg]))
        for (each in reqs[fpg])
          prpg(reqs[fpg][each])
      delete spath[length(spath)]
    }
    ' setup.ini
  done
}

function apt-rdepends {
  find-workspace
  for pkg in "${pks[@]}"
  do
    awk '
    @include "join"
    $1 == "@" {
      apg = $2
    }
    $1 == "requires:" {
      for (z=2; z<=NF; z++)
        reqs[$z][length(reqs[$z])+1] = apg
    }
    END {
      prpg(ENVIRON["pkg"])
    }
    function smartmatch(small, large,    values) {
      for (each in large)
        values[large[each]]
      return small in values
    }
    function prpg(fpg) {
      if (smartmatch(fpg, spath)) return
      spath[length(spath)+1] = fpg
      print join(spath, 1, length(spath), " < ")
      if (isarray(reqs[fpg]))
        for (each in reqs[fpg])
          prpg(reqs[fpg][each])
      delete spath[length(spath)]
    }
    ' setup.ini
  done
}

function apt-download {
  check-packages
  find-workspace
  local pkg sbq
  for pkg in "${pks[@]}"
  do
    (( sbq++ )) && echo
    download "$pkg"
  done
}

function download {
  local pkg digest digactual
  pkg=$1
  # look for package and save desc file

  awk '$1 == pc' RS='\n\n@ ' FS='\n' pc=$pkg setup.ini > desc
  if [ ! -s desc ]
  then
    echo Unable to locate package $pkg
    exit 1
  fi

  # download and unpack the bz2 or xz file

  # pick the latest version, which comes first
  set -- $(awk '$1 == "install:"' desc)
  if (( ! $# ))
  then
    echo 'Could not find "install" in package description: obsolete package?'
    exit 1
  fi

  dn=$(dirname $2)
  bn=$(basename $2)

  # check the md5
  digest=$4
  case ${#digest} in
   32) hash=md5sum    ;;
  128) hash=sha512sum ;;
  esac
  mkdir -p "$cache/$mirrordir/$dn"
  cd "$cache/$mirrordir/$dn"
  if ! test -e $bn || ! $hash -c <<< "$digest $bn"
  then
    wget -O $bn $mirror/$dn/$bn
    $hash -c <<< "$digest $bn" || exit
  fi

  tar tf $bn | gzip > /etc/setup/"$pkg".lst.gz
  cd ~-
  mv desc "$cache/$mirrordir/$dn"
  echo $dn $bn > /tmp/dwn
}

function apt-search {
  check-packages
  echo Searching downloaded packages...
  for pkg in "${pks[@]}"
  do
    key=$(type -P "$pkg" | sed s./..)
    [[ $key ]] || key=$pkg
    for manifest in /etc/setup/*.lst.gz
    do
      if gzip -cd $manifest | grep -q "$key"
      then
        package=$(sed '
        s,/etc/setup/,,
        s,.lst.gz,,
        ' <<< $manifest)
        echo $package
      fi
    done
  done
}

function apt-searchall {
  cd /tmp
  for pkg in "${pks[@]}"
  do
    printf -v qs 'text=1&arch=%s&grep=%s' $arch "$pkg"
    wget -O matches cygwin.com/cgi-bin2/package-grep.cgi?"$qs"
    awk '
    NR == 1 {next}
    mc[$1]++ {next}
    /-debuginfo-/ {next}
    /^cygwin32-/ {next}
    {print $1}
    ' FS=-[[:digit:]] matches
  done
}

function apt-install {
  check-packages
  find-workspace
  local pkg dn bn requires wr package sbq script
  for pkg in "${pks[@]}"
  do

  if grep -q "^$pkg " /etc/setup/installed.db
  then
    echo Package $pkg is already installed, skipping
    continue
  fi
  (( sbq++ )) && echo
  echo Installing $pkg

  download $pkg
  read dn bn </tmp/dwn
  echo Unpacking...

  cd "$cache/$mirrordir/$dn"
  tar -x -C / -f $bn
  # update the package database

  awk '
  ins != 1 && pkg < $1 {
    print pkg, bz, 0
    ins = 1
  }
  1
  END {
    if (ins != 1) print pkg, bz, 0
  }
  ' pkg="$pkg" bz=$bn /etc/setup/installed.db > /tmp/awk.$$
  mv /etc/setup/installed.db /etc/setup/installed.db-save
  mv /tmp/awk.$$ /etc/setup/installed.db

  [ -v nodeps ] && continue
  # recursively install required packages

  requires=$(awk '$1=="requires", $0=$2' FS=': ' desc)
  cd ~-
  wr=0
  if [[ $requires ]]
  then
    echo Package $pkg requires the following packages, installing:
    echo $requires
    for package in $requires
    do
      if grep -q "^$package " /etc/setup/installed.db
      then
        echo Package $package is already installed, skipping
        continue
      fi
      apt-cyg install --noscripts $package || (( wr++ ))
    done
  fi
  if (( wr ))
  then
    echo some required packages did not install, continuing
  fi

  # run all postinstall scripts

  [ -v noscripts ] && continue
  find /etc/postinstall -name '*.sh' | while read script
  do
    echo Running $script
    $script
    mv $script $script.done
  done
  echo Package $pkg installed

  done
}

function apt-remove {
  check-packages
  cd /etc
  cygcheck awk bash bunzip2 grep gzip mv sed tar xz > setup/essential.lst
  for pkg in "${pks[@]}"
  do

  if ! grep -q "^$pkg " setup/installed.db
  then
    echo Package $pkg is not installed, skipping
    continue
  fi

  if [ ! -e setup/"$pkg".lst.gz ]
  then
    warn Package manifest missing, cannot remove $pkg. Exiting
    exit 1
  fi
  gzip -dk setup/"$pkg".lst.gz
  awk '
  NR == FNR {
    if ($NF) ess[$NF]
    next
  }
  $NF in ess {
    exit 1
  }
  ' FS='[/\\\\]' setup/{essential,$pkg}.lst
  esn=$?
  if [ $esn = 0 ]
  then
    echo Removing $pkg
    if [ -e preremove/"$pkg".sh ]
    then
      preremove/"$pkg".sh
      rm preremove/"$pkg".sh
    fi
    mapfile dt < setup/"$pkg".lst
    for each in ${dt[*]}
    do
      [ -f /$each ] && rm /$each
    done
    for each in ${dt[*]}
    do
      [ -d /$each ] && rmdir --i /$each
    done
    rm -f setup/"$pkg".lst.gz postinstall/"$pkg".sh.done
    awk -i inplace '$1 != ENVIRON["pkg"]' setup/installed.db
    echo Package $pkg removed
  fi
  rm setup/"$pkg".lst
  if [ $esn = 1 ]
  then
    warn apt-cyg cannot remove package $pkg, exiting
    exit 1
  fi

  done
}

function apt-mirror {
  if [ "$pks" ]
  then
    awk -i inplace '
    1
    /last-mirror/ {
      getline
      print "\t" pks
    }
    ' pks="$pks" /etc/setup/setup.rc
    echo Mirror set to "$pks".
  else
    awk '
    /last-mirror/ {
      getline
      print $1
    }
    ' /etc/setup/setup.rc
  fi
}

function apt-cache {
  if [ "$pks" ]
  then
    vas=$(cygpath -aw "$pks")
    awk -i inplace '
    1
    /last-cache/ {
      getline
      print "\t" vas
    }
    ' vas="${vas//\\/\\\\}" /etc/setup/setup.rc
    echo Cache set to "$vas".
  else
    awk '
    /last-cache/ {
      getline
      print $1
    }
    ' /etc/setup/setup.rc
  fi
}

if [ -p /dev/stdin ]
then
  mapfile -t pks
fi

# process options
until [ $# = 0 ]
do
  case "$1" in

    --nodeps)
      nodeps=1
      shift
    ;;

    --noscripts)
      noscripts=1
      shift
    ;;

    --version)
      printf "$version"
      exit
    ;;

    update)
      command=$1
      shift
    ;;

    list | cache  | remove | depends | listall  | download | listfiles |\
    show | mirror | search | install | category | rdepends | searchall )
      if [[ $command ]]
      then
        pks+=("$1")
      else
        command=$1
      fi
      shift
    ;;

    *)
      pks+=("$1")
      shift
    ;;

  esac
done

set -a

if type -t apt-$command | grep -q function
then
  readonly arch=${HOSTTYPE/i6/x}
  apt-$command
else
  printf "$usage"
fi