形式一
对于任意正整数
n
n
n,若
f
(
n
)
=
∑
i
=
0
n
(
−
1
)
i
C
n
i
g
(
i
)
f(n)=\displaystyle \sum_{i=0}^n (-1)^iC_{n}^ig(i)
f(n)=i=0∑n(−1)iCnig(i)
则
g
(
n
)
=
∑
i
=
0
n
(
−
1
)
i
C
n
i
f
(
i
)
g(n)=\displaystyle \sum_{i=0}^n (-1)^iC_{n}^if(i)
g(n)=i=0∑n(−1)iCnif(i)
证明
代入结论演绎原式可以得到:
g
(
n
)
=
∑
i
=
0
n
(
−
1
)
i
C
n
i
∑
j
=
0
i
(
−
1
)
j
C
i
j
g
(
j
)
g(n)=\displaystyle \sum_{i=0}^n (-1)^iC_{n}^i\displaystyle \sum_{j=0}^i (-1)^jC_{i}^jg(j)
g(n)=i=0∑n(−1)iCnij=0∑i(−1)jCijg(j)
我们将
g
(
j
)
g(j)
g(j) 和
(
−
1
)
j
(-1)^j
(−1)j 提到前面:
g
(
n
)
=
∑
j
=
0
n
(
−
1
)
j
g
(
j
)
∑
i
=
j
n
(
−
1
)
i
C
n
i
C
i
j
g(n)=\displaystyle \sum_{j=0}^n(-1)^jg(j)\displaystyle \sum_{i=j}^n(-1)^iC_n^iC_i^j
g(n)=j=0∑n(−1)jg(j)i=j∑n(−1)iCniCij
其中
C
n
i
C
i
j
C_n^iC_i^j
CniCij 可以化为
C
n
j
C
n
−
j
i
−
j
C_n^jC_{n-j}^{i-j}
CnjCn−ji−j,并把
C
n
j
C_n^j
Cnj 提取到前面,
C
n
−
j
i
−
j
C_{n-j}^{i-j}
Cn−ji−j留在第二个和式内;再来考虑
(
−
1
)
i
(-1)^i
(−1)i 和
(
−
1
)
j
(-1)^j
(−1)j 的乘积,由于我们只关心指数的奇偶性,那么合并成
(
−
1
)
i
+
j
(-1)^{i+j}
(−1)i+j 或
(
−
1
)
i
−
j
(-1)^{i-j}
(−1)i−j 都是可行的,在这里我选择合并成
(
−
1
)
i
−
j
(-1)^{i-j}
(−1)i−j,最后运用二项式定理(中间过程为了便于运用二项式定理,令
t
=
i
−
j
t=i-j
t=i−j),那么可以得到:
g
(
n
)
=
∑
j
=
0
n
C
n
j
g
(
j
)
∑
i
=
j
n
(
−
1
)
i
−
j
C
n
−
j
i
−
j
=
∑
j
=
0
n
C
n
j
g
(
j
)
∑
t
=
0
n
−
j
(
−
1
)
t
C
n
−
j
t
=
∑
j
=
0
n
C
n
j
g
(
j
)
∑
t
=
0
n
−
j
(
−
1
)
t
C
n
−
j
t
∗
1
n
−
j
−
t
=
∑
j
=
0
n
C
n
j
g
(
j
)
∗
(
1
−
1
)
n
−
j
\begin{align*} g(n) = &\displaystyle \sum_{j=0}^nC_n^jg(j)\displaystyle \sum_{i=j}^n(-1)^{i-j}C_{n-j}^{i-j}\\ = &\displaystyle \sum_{j=0}^nC_n^jg(j)\displaystyle \sum_{t=0}^{n-j}(-1)^{t}C_{n-j}^{t}\\ = &\displaystyle \sum_{j=0}^nC_n^jg(j)\displaystyle \sum_{t=0}^{n-j}(-1)^{t}C_{n-j}^{t}*1^{n-j-t}\\ = &\displaystyle \sum_{j=0}^nC_n^jg(j)*(1-1)^{n-j} \end{align*}
g(n)====j=0∑nCnjg(j)i=j∑n(−1)i−jCn−ji−jj=0∑nCnjg(j)t=0∑n−j(−1)tCn−jtj=0∑nCnjg(j)t=0∑n−j(−1)tCn−jt∗1n−j−tj=0∑nCnjg(j)∗(1−1)n−j
由于
(
1
−
1
)
x
=
[
x
=
0
]
(1-1)^x=[x=0]
(1−1)x=[x=0],因此当且仅当
j
=
n
j=n
j=n 时,第一个和式才有贡献,即:
g
(
n
)
=
C
n
n
g
(
n
)
=
g
(
n
)
g(n)=C_n^ng(n)=g(n)
g(n)=Cnng(n)=g(n)
得证.
形式二
对于任意正整数
n
n
n,若
f
(
n
)
=
∑
i
=
0
n
C
n
i
g
(
i
)
f(n)=\displaystyle \sum_{i=0}^nC_n^ig(i)
f(n)=i=0∑nCnig(i)
则
g
(
n
)
=
∑
i
=
0
n
(
−
1
)
n
−
i
C
n
i
f
(
i
)
g(n)=\displaystyle \sum_{i=0}^n(-1)^{n-i}C_n^if(i)
g(n)=i=0∑n(−1)n−iCnif(i)
证明
令
h
(
i
)
=
(
−
1
)
i
g
(
i
)
h(i)=(-1)^ig(i)
h(i)=(−1)ig(i),则可以把形式一写成:
f
(
n
)
=
∑
i
=
0
n
C
n
i
h
(
i
)
(
−
1
)
n
h
(
n
)
=
∑
i
=
0
n
(
−
1
)
i
C
n
i
f
(
i
)
f(n)=\displaystyle \sum_{i=0}^nC_n^ih(i)\\ (-1)^nh(n)=\displaystyle \sum_{i=0}^n(-1)^iC_n^if(i)
f(n)=i=0∑nCnih(i)(−1)nh(n)=i=0∑n(−1)iCnif(i)
下面的式子可以写成:
h
(
n
)
=
∑
i
=
0
n
(
−
1
)
i
−
n
C
n
i
f
(
i
)
=
∑
i
=
0
n
(
−
1
)
n
−
i
C
n
i
f
(
i
)
\begin{align*} h(n) = &\displaystyle \sum_{i=0}^n(-1)^{i-n}C_n^if(i)\\ = &\displaystyle \sum_{i=0}^n(-1)^{n-i}C_n^if(i) \end{align*}
h(n)==i=0∑n(−1)i−nCnif(i)i=0∑n(−1)n−iCnif(i)
将
h
(
i
)
h(i)
h(i) 代换成
g
(
i
)
g(i)
g(i),并整理得:
f
(
n
)
=
∑
i
=
0
n
C
n
i
g
(
i
)
g
(
n
)
=
∑
i
=
0
n
(
−
1
)
n
−
i
C
n
i
f
(
i
)
f(n)=\displaystyle \sum_{i=0}^nC_n^ig(i)\\g(n)=\displaystyle \sum_{i=0}^n(-1)^{n-i}C_n^if(i)
f(n)=i=0∑nCnig(i)g(n)=i=0∑n(−1)n−iCnif(i)
得证.
形式三&形式四
由于这两种形式的证明方法和形式结构类似,且常用这两种形式解决问题,因而放在一起。
-
对于任意正整数 n n n,若
f ( n ) = ∑ i = m n C n i g ( i ) f(n)=\displaystyle \sum_{i=m}^nC_n^ig(i) f(n)=i=m∑nCnig(i)则
g ( n ) = ∑ i = m n ( − 1 ) n − i C n i f ( i ) g(n)=\displaystyle \sum_{i=m}^n(-1)^{n-i}C_n^if(i) g(n)=i=m∑n(−1)n−iCnif(i)证明
g ( n ) = ∑ i = m n ( − 1 ) n − i C n i f ( i ) = ∑ i = m n ( − 1 ) n − i C n i ∑ j = m i C i j g ( j ) = ∑ j = m n g ( j ) ∑ i = j n ( − 1 ) n − i C n i C i j = ∑ j = m n g ( j ) C n j ∑ i = j n ( − 1 ) n − i C n − j i − j = ∑ j = m n g ( j ) C n j ∑ 令 t = i − j , t = 0 n − j ( − 1 ) n − j − t C n − j t = ∑ j = m n g ( j ) C n j ∑ t = 0 n − j ( − 1 ) n − j − t C n − j t ∗ 1 t = ∑ j = m n g ( j ) C n j ∗ ( 1 − 1 ) n − j = g ( n ) \begin{align*} g(n) = &\displaystyle \sum_{i=m}^n(-1)^{n-i}C_n^if(i)\\ = &\displaystyle \sum_{i=m}^n(-1)^{n-i}C_n^i\displaystyle \sum_{j=m}^iC_i^jg(j)\\ = &\displaystyle \sum_{j=m}^ng(j)\displaystyle \sum_{i=j}^n(-1)^{n-i}C_n^iC_i^j\\ = &\displaystyle \sum_{j=m}^ng(j)C_n^j\displaystyle \sum_{i=j}^n(-1)^{n-i}C_{n-j}^{i-j}\\ = &\displaystyle \sum_{j=m}^ng(j)C_n^j\displaystyle \sum_{令t=i-j,t=0}^{n-j}(-1)^{n-j-t}C_{n-j}^{t}\\ = &\displaystyle \sum_{j=m}^ng(j)C_n^j\displaystyle \sum_{t=0}^{n-j}(-1)^{n-j-t}C_{n-j}^{t}*1^{t}\\ = &\displaystyle \sum_{j=m}^ng(j)C_n^j*(1-1)^{n-j}\\ = &g(n) \end{align*} g(n)========i=m∑n(−1)n−iCnif(i)i=m∑n(−1)n−iCnij=m∑iCijg(j)j=m∑ng(j)i=j∑n(−1)n−iCniCijj=m∑ng(j)Cnji=j∑n(−1)n−iCn−ji−jj=m∑ng(j)Cnj令t=i−j,t=0∑n−j(−1)n−j−tCn−jtj=m∑ng(j)Cnjt=0∑n−j(−1)n−j−tCn−jt∗1tj=m∑ng(j)Cnj∗(1−1)n−jg(n)得证.
-
对于任意正整数 n n n,若
f ( n ) = ∑ i = n m C n i g ( i ) f(n)=\displaystyle \sum_{i=n}^mC_n^ig(i) f(n)=i=n∑mCnig(i)则
g ( n ) = ∑ i = n m ( − 1 ) i − n C n i f ( i ) g(n)=\displaystyle \sum_{i=n}^m(-1)^{i-n}C_n^if(i) g(n)=i=n∑m(−1)i−nCnif(i)证明同形式三。