设计模式-观察者模式-observer-python

def

定义对象间一种一对多的依赖关系， 使得每当一个对象改变状态， 则所有依赖于它的对象都会得到通知并被自动更新。

usage

● 观察者和被观察者之间是抽象耦合
如此设计， 则不管是增加观察者还是被观察者都非常容易扩展， 而且在Java中都已经实现的抽象层级的定义， 在系统扩展方面更是得心应手。
● 建立一套触发机制
根据单一职责原则， 每个类的职责是单一的， 那么怎么把各个单一的职责串联成真实世界的复杂的逻辑关系呢？ 比如， 我们去打猎， 打死了一只母鹿， 母鹿有三个幼崽， 因失去了母鹿而饿死， 尸体又被两只秃鹰争抢， 因分配不均， 秃鹰开始斗殴， 然后羸弱的秃鹰死掉，生存下来的秃鹰， 则因此扩大了地盘……这就是一个触发机制， 形成了一个触发链。 观察者模式可以完美地实现这里的链条形式。

code

class Subject(object):

    def __init__(self):
        self._observers = []

    def attach(self, observer):
        if observer not in self._observers:
            self._observers.append(observer)

    def detach(self, observer):
        try:
            self._observers.remove(observer)
        except ValueError:
            pass

    def notify(self, modifier=None):
        for observer in self._observers:
            if modifier != observer:
                observer.update(self)


# Example usage
class Data(Subject):

    def __init__(self, name=''):
        Subject.__init__(self)
        self.name = name
        self._data = 0

    @property
    def data(self):
        return self._data

    @data.setter
    def data(self, value):
        self._data = value
        self.notify()


class HexViewer:

    def update(self, subject):
        print(u'HexViewer: Subject %s has data 0x%x' %
              (subject.name, subject.data))


class DecimalViewer:

    def update(self, subject):
        print(u'DecimalViewer: Subject %s has data %d' %
              (subject.name, subject.data))


# Example usage...
def main():
    data1 = Data('Data 1')
    data2 = Data('Data 2')
    view1 = DecimalViewer()
    view2 = HexViewer()
    data1.attach(view1)
    data1.attach(view2)
    data2.attach(view2)
    data2.attach(view1)

    print(u"Setting Data 1 = 10")
    data1.data = 10
    print(u"Setting Data 2 = 15")
    data2.data = 15
    print(u"Setting Data 1 = 3")
    data1.data = 3
    print(u"Setting Data 2 = 5")
    data2.data = 5
    print(u"Detach HexViewer from data1 and data2.")
    data1.detach(view2)
    data2.detach(view2)
    print(u"Setting Data 1 = 10")
    data1.data = 10
    print(u"Setting Data 2 = 15")
    data2.data = 15


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

### OUTPUT ###
# Setting Data 1 = 10
# DecimalViewer: Subject Data 1 has data 10
# HexViewer: Subject Data 1 has data 0xa
# Setting Data 2 = 15
# HexViewer: Subject Data 2 has data 0xf
# DecimalViewer: Subject Data 2 has data 15
# Setting Data 1 = 3
# DecimalViewer: Subject Data 1 has data 3
# HexViewer: Subject Data 1 has data 0x3
# Setting Data 2 = 5
# HexViewer: Subject Data 2 has data 0x5
# DecimalViewer: Subject Data 2 has data 5
# Detach HexViewer from data1 and data2.
# Setting Data 1 = 10
# DecimalViewer: Subject Data 1 has data 10
# Setting Data 2 = 15
# DecimalViewer: Subject Data 2 has data 15