def
定义对象间一种一对多的依赖关系, 使得每当一个对象改变状态, 则所有依赖于它的对象都会得到通知并被自动更新。
usage
● 观察者和被观察者之间是抽象耦合
如此设计, 则不管是增加观察者还是被观察者都非常容易扩展, 而且在Java中都已经实现的抽象层级的定义, 在系统扩展方面更是得心应手。
● 建立一套触发机制
根据单一职责原则, 每个类的职责是单一的, 那么怎么把各个单一的职责串联成真实世界的复杂的逻辑关系呢? 比如, 我们去打猎, 打死了一只母鹿, 母鹿有三个幼崽, 因失去了母鹿而饿死, 尸体又被两只秃鹰争抢, 因分配不均, 秃鹰开始斗殴, 然后羸弱的秃鹰死掉,生存下来的秃鹰, 则因此扩大了地盘……这就是一个触发机制, 形成了一个触发链。 观察者模式可以完美地实现这里的链条形式。
code
class Subject(object):
def __init__(self):
self._observers = []
def attach(self, observer):
if observer not in self._observers:
self._observers.append(observer)
def detach(self, observer):
try:
self._observers.remove(observer)
except ValueError:
pass
def notify(self, modifier=None):
for observer in self._observers:
if modifier != observer:
observer.update(self)
# Example usage
class Data(Subject):
def __init__(self, name=''):
Subject.__init__(self)
self.name = name
self._data = 0
@property
def data(self):
return self._data
@data.setter
def data(self, value):
self._data = value
self.notify()
class HexViewer:
def update(self, subject):
print(u'HexViewer: Subject %s has data 0x%x' %
(subject.name, subject.data))
class DecimalViewer:
def update(self, subject):
print(u'DecimalViewer: Subject %s has data %d' %
(subject.name, subject.data))
# Example usage...
def main():
data1 = Data('Data 1')
data2 = Data('Data 2')
view1 = DecimalViewer()
view2 = HexViewer()
data1.attach(view1)
data1.attach(view2)
data2.attach(view2)
data2.attach(view1)
print(u"Setting Data 1 = 10")
data1.data = 10
print(u"Setting Data 2 = 15")
data2.data = 15
print(u"Setting Data 1 = 3")
data1.data = 3
print(u"Setting Data 2 = 5")
data2.data = 5
print(u"Detach HexViewer from data1 and data2.")
data1.detach(view2)
data2.detach(view2)
print(u"Setting Data 1 = 10")
data1.data = 10
print(u"Setting Data 2 = 15")
data2.data = 15
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
### OUTPUT ###
# Setting Data 1 = 10
# DecimalViewer: Subject Data 1 has data 10
# HexViewer: Subject Data 1 has data 0xa
# Setting Data 2 = 15
# HexViewer: Subject Data 2 has data 0xf
# DecimalViewer: Subject Data 2 has data 15
# Setting Data 1 = 3
# DecimalViewer: Subject Data 1 has data 3
# HexViewer: Subject Data 1 has data 0x3
# Setting Data 2 = 5
# HexViewer: Subject Data 2 has data 0x5
# DecimalViewer: Subject Data 2 has data 5
# Detach HexViewer from data1 and data2.
# Setting Data 1 = 10
# DecimalViewer: Subject Data 1 has data 10
# Setting Data 2 = 15
# DecimalViewer: Subject Data 2 has data 15