Java 对象锁

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     在并发环境下,解决共享资源冲突问题时,可以考虑使用锁机制。

1.对象的锁

所有对象都自动含有单一的锁。
JVM负责跟踪对象被加锁的次数。如果一个对象被解锁,其计数变为0。在任务(线程)第一次给对象加锁的时候,计数变为1。每当这个相同的任务(线程)在此对象上获得锁时,计数会递增。
只有首先获得锁的任务(线程)才能继续获取该对象上的多个锁。
每当任务离开一个synchronized方法,计数递减,当计数为0的时候,锁被完全释放,此时别的任务就可以使用此资源。

2.synchronized同步块

2.1同步到单一对象锁

当使用同步块时,如果方法下的同步块都同步到一个对象上的锁,则所有的任务(线程)只能互斥的进入这些同步块。
Resource1.java演示了三个线程(包括main线程)试图进入某个类的三个不同的方法的同步块中,虽然这些同步块处在不同的方法中,但由于是同步到同一个对象(当前对象  synchronized  ( this )),所以对它们的方法依然是互斥的。
 
package com.zj.lock;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;

public class Resource1 {
	public void f() {
		 // other operations should not be locked...
		System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + ":not synchronized in f()");
		synchronized (this) {
			for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
				System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + ":synchronized in f()");
				try {
					TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(3);
				} catch (InterruptedException e) {
					e.printStackTrace();
				}
			}
		}
	}
	
	public void g() {       
		// other operations should not be locked...       
		System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + ":not synchronized in g()");       
		synchronized (this) {           
			for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {              
				System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + ":synchronized in g()");                				try {                  
					TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(3);             
				} catch (InterruptedException e) {                  
					e.printStackTrace();            
  				}           
			}       
		}    
	}

	public void h() {       
		// other operations should not be locked...       
		System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + ":not synchronized in h()");       
		synchronized (this) {           
			for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {              
				System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + ":synchronized in h()");             	 			try {                  
					TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(3);              
				} catch (InterruptedException e) {                  
					e.printStackTrace();              
				}           
			}       
		}    
	}

	public static void main(String[] args) {       
		final Resource1 rs = new Resource1();        
		new Thread() {           
			public void run() {              
				rs.f();           
			}       
		}.start();        
		new Thread() {           
			public void run() {              
				rs.g();           
			}       
		}.start();  
      
		rs.h();    
	}
}
结果:
Thread-0:not synchronized in f()
Thread-0:synchronized in f()
main:not synchronized in h()
Thread-1:not synchronized in g()
Thread-0:synchronized in f()
Thread-0:synchronized in f()
Thread-0:synchronized in f()
Thread-0:synchronized in f()
Thread-1:synchronized in g()
Thread-1:synchronized in g()
Thread-1:synchronized in g()
Thread-1:synchronized in g()
Thread-1:synchronized in g()
main:synchronized in h()
main:synchronized in h()
main:synchronized in h()
main:synchronized in h()
main:synchronized in h()

2.2 同步到多个对象锁

Resource1.java演示了三个线程(包括main线程)试图进入某个类的三个不同的方法的同步块中,这些同步块处在不同的方法中,并且是同步到三个不同的对象( synchronized  ( this ) synchronized ( syncObject1 ) synchronized  ( syncObject2 )),所以对它们的方法中的临界资源访问是独立的。

package com.zj.lock;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit; 
public class Resource2 {    
	private Object syncObject1 = new Object();    
	private Object syncObject2 = new Object();     
	public void f() {       
		// other operations should not be locked...       
		System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + ":not synchronized in f()");       
		synchronized (this) {           
			for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {              
				System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + ":synchronized in f()");              				try {                  
					TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(3);              
				} catch (InterruptedException e) {                  
					e.printStackTrace();              
				}           
			}       
		}    
	}     

	public void g() {       
		// other operations should not be locked...       
		System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + ":not synchronized in g()");       
		synchronized (syncObject1) {           
			for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {              
				System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + ":synchronized in g()");              				try {                  
					TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(3);              
				} catch (InterruptedException e) {                  
					e.printStackTrace();              
				}           
			}       
		}    
	}     

	public void h() {       
		// other operations should not be locked...       
		System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + ":not synchronized in h()");       
		synchronized (syncObject2) {           
			for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {              
				System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + ":synchronized in h()");              				try {                  
					TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(3);              
				} catch (InterruptedException e) {                  
					e.printStackTrace();              
				}           
			}       
		}    
	}     

	public static void main(String[] args) {       
		final Resource2 rs = new Resource2();        
		new Thread() {           
			public void run() {              
				rs.f();           
			}       
		}.start();        
		new Thread() {           
			public void run() {              
				rs.g();           
			}       
		}.start();
		        
		rs.h();    
	}
}
结果:
Thread-0:not synchronized in f()
Thread-0:synchronized in f()
main:not synchronized in h()
main:synchronized in h()
Thread-1:not synchronized in g()
Thread-1:synchronized in g()
Thread-0:synchronized in f()
main:synchronized in h()
Thread-1:synchronized in g()
Thread-0:synchronized in f()
main:synchronized in h()
Thread-1:synchronized in g()
Thread-0:synchronized in f()
main:synchronized in h()
Thread-1:synchronized in g()
Thread-0:synchronized in f()
main:synchronized in h()
Thread-1:synchronized in g()

3.Lock对象锁

除了使用synchronized外,还可以使用Lock对象来创建临界区。Resource3.java的演示效果同Resource1.java;Resource4.java的演示效果同Resource2.java。
 
package com.zj.lock;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock; 

public class Resource3 {    
	private Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();     
	public void f() {       
		// other operations should not be locked...       
		System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + ":not synchronized in f()");       
		lock.lock();       
		try {           
			for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {              
				System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + ":synchronized in f()");              				try {                  
					TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(3);              
				} catch (InterruptedException e) {                  
					e.printStackTrace();              
				}           
			}       
		} finally {           
			lock.unlock();       
		}    
	}     

	public void g() {       
		// other operations should not be locked...       
		System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + ":not synchronized in g()");       
		lock.lock();       
		try {           
			for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {              
				System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + ":synchronized in g()");              				try {                  
					TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(3);              
				} catch (InterruptedException e) {                  
					e.printStackTrace();              
				}           
			}       
		} finally {           
			lock.unlock();       
		}    
	}     
	
	public void h() {       
		// other operations should not be locked...       
		System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + ":not synchronized in h()");       
		lock.lock();       
		try {           
			for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {              
				System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + ":synchronized in h()");             	 			try {                  
					TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(3);              
				} catch (InterruptedException e) {                  
					e.printStackTrace();              
				}           
			}       
		} finally {           
			lock.unlock();       
		}    
	}     
	public static void main(String[] args) {       
		final Resource3 rs = new Resource3();        
		new Thread() {           
			public void run() {              
				rs.f();           
			}       
		}.start();        
		new Thread() {           
			public void run() {              
				rs.g();           
			}       
		}.start();        

		rs.h();    
	}
}
结果:
Thread-0:not synchronized in f()
Thread-0:synchronized in f()
main:not synchronized in h()
Thread-1:not synchronized in g()
Thread-0:synchronized in f()
Thread-0:synchronized in f()
Thread-0:synchronized in f()
Thread-0:synchronized in f()
main:synchronized in h()
main:synchronized in h()
main:synchronized in h()
main:synchronized in h()
main:synchronized in h()
Thread-1:synchronized in g()
Thread-1:synchronized in g()
Thread-1:synchronized in g()
Thread-1:synchronized in g()
Thread-1:synchronized in g()
 
 
package com.zj.lock;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock; 

public class Resource4 {    
	private Lock lock1 = new ReentrantLock();    
	private Lock lock2 = new ReentrantLock();    
	private Lock lock3 = new ReentrantLock();     
	public void f() {       
		// other operations should not be locked...       
		System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + ":not synchronized in f()");       
		lock1.lock();       
		try {           
			for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {              
				System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + ":synchronized in f()");              				try {                  
					TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(3);              
				} catch (InterruptedException e) {                  
					e.printStackTrace();              
				}           
			}       
		} finally {           
			lock1.unlock();       
		}    
	}     

	public void g() {       
		// other operations should not be locked...       
		System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + ":not synchronized in g()");       
		lock2.lock();       
		try {           
			for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {              
				System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + ":synchronized in g()");              				try {                  
					TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(3);              
				} catch (InterruptedException e) {                  
					e.printStackTrace();              
				}           
			}       
		} finally {           
			lock2.unlock();       
		}    
	}
	     
	public void h() {       
		// other operations should not be locked...       
		System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + ":not synchronized in h()");       
		lock3.lock();       
		try {           
			for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {              
				System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + ":synchronized in h()");             				try {                  
					TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(3);              
				} catch (InterruptedException e) {                  
					e.printStackTrace();              
				}           
			}       
		} finally {           
			lock3.unlock();       
		}    
	}
     
	public static void main(String[] args) {       
		final Resource4 rs = new Resource4();        
		new Thread() {           
			public void run() {              
				rs.f();           
			}       
		}.start();        
		new Thread() {           
			public void run() {              
				rs.g();           
			}       
		}.start();        

		rs.h();    
	}
}
结果:
Thread-0:not synchronized in f()
Thread-0:synchronized in f()
main:not synchronized in h()
main:synchronized in h()
Thread-1:not synchronized in g()
Thread-1:synchronized in g()
Thread-0:synchronized in f()
main:synchronized in h()
Thread-1:synchronized in g()
Thread-0:synchronized in f()
main:synchronized in h()
Thread-1:synchronized in g()
Thread-0:synchronized in f()
main:synchronized in h()
Thread-1:synchronized in g()
Thread-0:synchronized in f()
main:synchronized in h()
Thread-1:synchronized in g()



4.synchronized和lock的区别:


Lock 的锁定是通过代码实现的,而 synchronized 是在 JVM 层面上实现的
synchronized 在锁定时如果方法块抛出异常,JVM 会自动将锁释放掉,不会因为出了异常没有释放锁造成线程死锁。但是 Lock 的话就享受不到 JVM 带来自动的功能,出现异常时必须在 finally 将锁释放掉,否则将会引起死锁。

在资源竞争不是很激烈的情况下,偶尔会有同步的情形下,synchronized是很合适的。原因在于,编译程序通常会尽可能的进行优化synchronize,另外可读性非常好,不管用没用过5.0多线程包的程序员都能理解。 

ReentrantLock: 
ReentrantLock提供了多样化的同步,比如有时间限制的同步,可以被Interrupt的同步(synchronized的同步是不能Interrupt的)等。在资源竞争不激烈的情形下,性能稍微比synchronized差点点。但是当同步非常激烈的时候,synchronized的性能一下子能下降好几十倍。而ReentrantLock确还能维持常态。 

Atomic: 
和上面的类似,不激烈情况下,性能比synchronized略逊,而激烈的时候,也能维持常态。激烈的时候,Atomic的性能会优于ReentrantLock一倍左右。但是其有一个缺点,就是只能同步一个值,一段代码中只能出现一个Atomic的变量,多于一个同步无效。因为他不能在多个Atomic之间同步。 

 
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