高级英语词汇总结

Chapter 1

1. detriment

• /ˈdetrɪmənt/
• n. 伤害; 损害; 造成伤害（或损害）的事物; 不利因素
• something that causes damage, harm, or less
• eg. Loni’s purple hair may be a detriment when she goes for a job interview.

2. dexterous

• /ˈdekstrəs/
• adj. 灵巧的；熟练的；敏捷的；惯用右手的
• skillful in using the hands or body
• eg. The juggler was so dexterous that he managed to keep five balls in motion at once.

3. discretion

• /dɪˈskreʃn/
• n. 谨慎，慎重
• good judgement or tact in actions or speaking
• eg. Ali wasn’t using much discretion when he passed a police car at eighty miles an hour.

4. facetious

• /fəˈsiːʃəs/
• adj. 乱引人发笑的；不问场合耍聪明的；在不适宜的场合开玩笑
• humorous; playfully joking
• eg. Dr. Segura has a facetious sign on his office door:“I’d like to help you out. Which way did you come in?”

5. gregarious

• /ɡrɪˈɡeəriəs/
• adj. 交际的；合群的；(动物)群居的
• sociable; enjoying and seeking the company of others
• eg. Melissa is so gregarious that she wants to be with other people even when she’s studying.

6. optimum

• /ˈɒptɪməm/
• adj. 最佳的；最适宜的
• best possible; most favorable; most desirable
• eg. the optimum use of resources

7. ostentatious

• /ˌɒstenˈteɪʃəs/
• adj. 炫耀的；卖弄的；招摇的
• meant to impress others; flashy
• eg. Obviously he had plenty of money and was generous in its use without being ostentatious.

8. scrupulous

• /ˈskruːpjələs/
• adj. 一丝不苟的；审慎正直的；恪守道德规范的
• careful about moral standards; conscientious
• eg. He was scrupulous in all his business dealings.

9. sensory

• /ˈsensəri/
• adj. 感觉的；感官的
• having to do with seeing, hearing, feeling, tasting, or smelling
• eg. Almost all sensory information from the trunk and limbs passes through the spinal cord.

10. vicarious

• /vɪˈkeəriəs/
• adj. 间接感受到的
• experienced through the imagination; not experienced directly
• eg. He got a vicarious thrill out of watching his son score the winning goal.

Chapter 2

1. collaborate

• /kəˈlæbəreɪt/
• v. 合作；协作；通敌；勾结敌人
• to work together on a project; cooperate in an effort
• eg. She agreed to collaborate with him in writing her biography.

2. despondent

• /dɪˈspɒndənt/
• adj. 苦恼的；沮丧的；泄气的；失望的
• downhearted; hopeless; overwhelmed with sadness
• eg. She was becoming increasingly despondent about the way things were going.

3. instigate

• /ˈɪnstɪɡeɪt/
• v. 使（正式）开始；使发生；煽动；唆使；鼓动
• to bring about by moving others to action; stir up
• eg. Together they should demand, and instigate, a restructuring of Greek debt.

4. resilient

• /rɪˈzɪliənt/
• adj. 可迅速恢复的；有适应力的；有弹性（或弹力）的；能复原的
• able to recover quickly from harm, illness, or misfortunate
• eg. Children can be amazing resilient. Having faced sad and frightening experiences, they often bounce back to their normal cheerful selves.

5. retrospect

• /ˈretrəspekt/
• n. 回顾；回想；追溯往事
• reviewing the past; considering past events
• In retrospect, I think that I was wrong

6. rudimentary

• /ˌruːdɪˈmentri/
• adj. 基础的；基本的
• fundamental; necessary to learn first
• eg.They were given only rudimentary training in the job.

7. scoff

• /skɒf/
• v. 嘲笑；讥讽
• to make fun of; mock; refuse to take seriously
• eg. He scoffed at our amateurish attempts.

8. squelch

• /skweltʃ/
• v. 发吧唧声，发扑哧声（如走在泥泞中似的）；制止；压制；遏制；限制
• to silence or suppress; crush
• eg. The mud squelched as I walked through it.
• eg. to squelch a rumour/strike/fire

9. venerate

• /ˈvenəreɪt/
• v. 敬重；崇敬；敬仰
• to respect deeply; revere
• eg. And love, young men, and venerate the ideal.

10. zealot

• /ˈzelət/
• n. (尤指宗教或政治的)狂热分子，狂热者
• a person totally devoted to a purpose or cause
• eg. Three hours later, the police arrested Scott Roeder, an anti-abortion zealot.

Chapter 3

1. ambiguous

• /æmˈbɪɡjuəs/
• adj. 模棱两可的；含混不清的
• able to be interpreted in more than one way; not clear

2. dissident

• /ˈdɪsɪdənt/
• n. 持不同政见者
• a person opposed to established ideas or beliefs, especially in politics or religion
• eg. In the totalitarian state, there is no room for dissidence: the dissident is the source of “disorder,” and must be imprisoned, tortured, or killed.

3. embellish

• /ɪmˈbelɪʃ/
• v. 美化；装饰；布置；对…加以渲染（或发挥）；润饰；对…添枝加叶
• to decorate; beautify by adding details
• eg. Lauren embellished the door of her locker with postcards from her friends and photos of her cats.

4. fritter

• /ˈfrɪtər/
• v. 浪费（时间、金钱）；挥霍
• to spend or waste a little at a time
• He frittered away the millions his father had left him.

5. inadvertent

• /ˌɪnədˈvɜːtnt/
• 无意的
• unintentional; accidental
• eg. The government has said it was an inadvertent error.

6. inane

• /ɪˈneɪn/
• adj. 愚蠢的；无意义的
• without sense or meaning; foolish
• eg. He always had this inane grin.

7. juxtapose

• /ˌdʒʌkstəˈpəʊz/
• v. 把…并列摆放
• to place close together, especially in order to compare or contrast
• eg. The technique Mr. Wilson uses most often is to juxtapose things for dramatic effect.

8. lethargy

• /ˈleθədʒi/
• n. 没精打采
• a great lack of energy; inactivity due to laziness
• eg. Symptoms include tiredness, paleness, and lethargy.

9. sporadic

• /spəˈrædɪk/
• adj. 零星的
• happening now and then; occasional
• eg. a year of sporadic fighting in the north of the country

10. subsidize

• /ˈsʌbsɪdaɪz/
• v. 补贴
• to support financially; provide a grant or contribution
• eg. Around the world, governments have subsidized the housing of middle- and upper-income groups.

Chapter 4

1. berate

• /bɪˈreɪt/
• v. 严责
• to criticize or scold harshly
• eg. Marion berated Joe for the noise he made.

2. estrange

• /ɪˈstreɪndʒ/
• v. 使疏远；离间；分居
• to make unsympathetic or unfriendly; alienate
• eg. he is estranged from his wife

3. euphoric

• /juːˈfɒrɪk/
• adj. 狂喜的
• overjoyed; having an intense feeling of well-being
• eg. The war had received euphoric support from the public.

4. impetuous

• /ɪmˈpɛtjʊəs/
• adj. 冲动的; 不深思熟虑的
• done or acting in a hurry, with little thought; impulsive
• eg. He was young and impetuous.

5. infallible

• /ɪnˈfæləbəl/
• adj. 永无过失的；一贯正确的
• not capable of error or failure; unable to make a mistake
• Doctors are not infallible.

6. maudlin

• /ˈmɔːdlɪn/
• adj. (尤指醉酒时)言语伤感的，感情脆弱的，自怜的
• tearfully sentimental; overly emotional
• eg. Jimmy turned maudlin after three drinks.

7. regress

• /rɪˈɡres/
• v. 倒退；回归；退化
• to return to an earlier, generally worse, condition or behavior
• eg. If your child regresses to babyish behaviour, all you know for certain is that the child is under stress.

8. relinquish

• /rɪˈlɪŋkwɪʃ/
• v. 放弃 (权力或控制)
• to surrender (something); give (something) up
• eg. He does not intend to relinquish power.

9. ubiquitous

• /juːˈbɪkwɪtəs/
• adj. 无所不在的
• existing or seeming to exist everywhere at the same time
• eg. Sugar is ubiquitous in the diet.

10. zenith

• /ˈzenɪθ/
• n. 天顶(太阳或月亮在天空中的最高点);鼎盛时期
• the highest point or condition; peak
• eg. His career is now at its zenith.

Chapter 5

1. charlatan

• /ˈʃɑːlətən/
• n. 假行家；骗子
• a fake; a person who falsely claims to have some special skill or knowledge
• eg. He was exposed as a charlatan.

2. corroborate

• /kəˈrɒbəreɪt/
• v. 证实
• to support; strengthen with further evidence; provide proof of
• eg. I had access to a wide range of documents which corroborated the story.

3. disseminate

• /dɪˈsemɪneɪt/
• v. 散布，传播（信息、知识等）
• to spread or scatter widely; distribute
• eg. Their findings have been widely disseminated.

4. diverge

• /daɪˈvɜːdʒ/
• v. 分叉；岔开；分歧；相异；偏离；背离；违背
• to branch off in different directions from the same starting point; to become different
• eg. We went through school and college together, but then our paths diverged.

5. dormant

• /ˈdɔːmənt/
• adj. 休眠的；蛰伏的；暂停活动的
• inactive; alive but not actively growing, as if sleep
• eg. a dormant volcano

6. hoist

• /hɔɪst/
• v. 吊起；提升；拉高
• to lift, especially with some mechanical means, like a cable
• eg. The cargo was hoisted aboard by crane.

7. illicit

• /ɪˈlɪsɪt/
• adj. 非法的；违法的
• illegal
• eg. illicit drugs

8. irrevocable

• /ɪˈrevəkəbl/
• adj. 无法改变的；不可更改的
• not able to be canceled or un done; irreversible
• eg. an irrevocable decision/step
• eg. irrevocably committed义无反顾地献身

9. precipitate

• /prɪˈsɪpɪteɪt/
• v. 使…突然降临；加速（坏事的发生）；使突然陷入（某种状态）
• to cause to happen quickly, suddenly, or sooner than expected
• eg. His resignation precipitated a leadership crisis.

10. proliferation

• /prəˌlɪfəˈreɪʃn/
• n. 激增；涌现；增殖；大量的事物
• a rapid spread or increase
• eg. attempts to prevent cancer cell proliferation

Chapter 7

1. equivocate

• /ɪˈkwɪvəkeɪt/
• adj. （故意）含糊其辞，支吾，搪塞
• to be deliberately vague in order to mislead
• eg. He is equivocating a lot about what is going to happen if and when there are elections.

2. fortuitous

• /fɔːˈtjuːɪtəs/
• adj. 偶然发生的；（尤指）巧合的
• happening by chance, by accident, or at random; lucky
• eg. Their success is the result of a fortuitous combination of circumstances.

3. impeccable

• /ɪmˈpekəbl/
• adj. 无错误的；无瑕疵的；完美的
• faultless; perfect
• eg. Her written English is impeccable.

4. liaison

• /liˈeɪzn/
• n. 联络；联系
• a person who serves as a connection between individuals or groups; a go-between
• eg. Our role is to ensure liaison between schools and parents.

5. predisposed

• /,priːdɪ’spəʊzd/
• adj. 有…倾向的
• tending toward or open to something beforehand
• eg. people who are predisposed to violent crime.

6. propensity

• /prəˈpensəti/
• n. （行为方面的）倾向；习性
• a natural preference or tendency
• eg. He showed a propensity for violence.

7. reprehensible

• /ˌreprɪˈhensəbl/
• adj. 不道德的；应受指责的；应受谴责的
• deserving of blame, criticism, or disapproval
• eg. Mr. Cramer said the violence by anti-government protestors was reprehensible.

8. sham

• /ʃæm/
• n. 假的东西
• a pretense or counterfeit; something meant to deceive
• eg. The government’s promises were exposed as a hollow sham.

9. solace

• /ˈsɒləs/
• n. 慰藉
• comfort in sorrow or misfortune; consolation
• eg. I found solace in writing when my father died three years ago.

10. solicitous

• /səˈlɪsɪtəs/
• adj. 操心的；关怀的；关切的； 挂念的
• showing or expressing concern, care, or attention
• eg. He was so solicitous of his guests.

Chapter 8

1. attrition

• /əˈtrɪʃn/
• n. （尤指给敌人造成的）削弱，消耗
• a gradual natural derease in number; becoming fewer in number
• eg. It was a war of attrition.

2. circumvent

• /ˌsɜːkəmˈvent/
• v. 设法回避；规避；绕过；绕行；绕道旅行
• to avoid by going around or as if by going around; to escape from, prevent, or stop through cleverness
• eg. They found a way of circumventing the law.

3. cohesive

• /kəʊˈhiːsɪv/
• adj. 结成一个整体的
• sticking or holding together; unified
• eg. a cohesive group

4. grievous

• /ˈɡriːvəs/
• adj. 极严重的；使人痛苦的；令人伤心的
• causing grief or pain; very serious or severe
• eg. He had been the victim of a grievous injustice.

5. inundate

• /ˈɪnʌndeɪt/
• v. 淹没；泛滥
• to cover, as by flooding; overwhelm with a large number of amount
• eg. Her office was inundated with requests for tickets.

6. oblivious

• /əˈblɪviəs/
• adj. 不知道；未注意；未察觉
• unaware; failing to notice
• eg. He drove off, oblivious of the damage he had caused.

7. reticent

• /ˈretɪsnt/
• adj. 寡言少语；不愿与人交谈；有保留
• quiet or uncommunicative; reluctant to speak out
• eg. She was shy and reticent.

8. robust

• /rəʊˈbʌst/
• adj. 结实的；耐用的；坚固的
• healthy and strong; vigorous
• eg. a robust piece of equipment

9. sanction

• /ˈsæŋkʃn/
• v. 许可；准许；准予
• to authorize, allow, or approve
• eg. The government refused to sanction a further cut in interest rates.

10. vociferous

• /vəˈsɪfərəs/
• adj. 大声疾呼的；喧嚣的；大叫大嚷的
• noisy; expressing feelings loudly and intensely
• eg. vociferous protests

Chapter 9

1. bolster

• /ˈbəʊlstər/
• v. 改善；加强
• to hold up, strengthen, or reinforce; support with a rigid object
• eg. to bolster sb’s confidence/courage/morale

2. depreciate

• /dɪˈpriːʃieɪt/
• v. 贬值；跌价
• to fall or decrease in value or price; to lower the value of
• eg. New cars start to depreciate as soon as they are on the road.

3. indiscriminate

• /ˌɪndɪˈskrɪmɪnət/
• adj. 随意的；恣意的；不加选择的；不加分析的；不加判断的
• not chosen carefully; not based on careful selection
• eg. She’s always been indiscriminate in her choice of friends.

4. inquisitive

• /ɪnˈkwɪzətɪv/
• adj. 过分打听他人私事的
• curious; eager to learn
• eg. Don’t be so inquisitive. It’s none of your business!

5. nebulous

• /ˈnebjələs/
• adj. 模糊的；不清楚的
• vague; unclear
• eg. a nebulous concept

6. relegate

• /ˈrelɪɡeɪt/
• v. 使贬职；使降级；降低…的地位
• to assign to a less important or less statisfying position, place, or condition
• eg. She was then relegated to the role of assistant.

7. replete

• /rɪˈpliːt/
• adj. 充满；充足
• plentifully supplied; well-filled
• eg.literature replete with drama and excitement

8. sedentary

• /ˈsedntri/
• adj. 需要久坐的
• marked by much sitting; requiring or taking little exercise
• eg. a sedentary job/occupation/lifestyle

9. tenet

• /ˈtenɪt/
• n. 原则；信条；教义
• a belief or principle held to be true by an individual or group
• eg.one of the basic/central tenets of Christianity

10. terse

• /tɜːs/
• adj. 简要的；简短生硬的
• brief and clear; effectively concise
• eg. The President issued a terse statement denying the charges.

Chapter 10

1. autonomy

• /ɔːˈtɒnəmi/
• n. 自治；自治权
• independence; self-government
• eg. a campaign in Wales for greater autonomy

2. bureaucratic

• /ˌbjʊərəˈkrætɪk/
• adj. 官僚的；官僚主义的
• insisting on strict rules and routine, often to the point of hindering effectiveness
• eg. bureaucratic power/control/procedures/organizations

3. mandate

• /ˈmændeɪt/
• n.（政府或组织等经选举而获得的）授权
• a group’s expressed wishes; clear signal to act; vote of confidence
• eg. The election victory gave the party a clear mandate to continue its programme of reform.

4. ostracize

• /ˈɒstrəsaɪz/
• v. 排挤；排斥
• to expel or exclude from a group
• eg. He was ostracized by his colleagues for refusing to support the strike.

5. raucous

• /ˈrɔːkəs/
• adj. 刺耳的；尖厉的
• noisy and disorderly; boisterous
• eg. raucous laughter

6. recourse

• /rɪˈkɔːs/
• n. 依靠；依赖；求助
• a source of help, security, or strength; something to turn to
• eg. Your only recourse is legal action.

7. reiterate

• /riˈɪtəreɪt/
• v. 反复地说；重申
• to state again or repeatedly
• eg. Let me reiterate that we are fully committed to this policy.

8. tantamount

• /ˈtæntəmaʊnt/
• adj. 无异于；等于；效果与…一样坏
• equal in effect or value; the same as
• eg. If he resigned it would be tantamount to admitting that he was guilty.

9. tenacious

• /təˈneɪʃəs/
• adj. 紧握的；不松手的；坚持的
• holding firmly; persistent; stubborn
• eg. The party has kept its tenacious hold on power for more than twenty years.

10. utopia

• /juːˈtəʊpiə/
• n. 乌托邦；空想的完美境界
• an ideal or perfect place or state; a place achieving social or political perfection
• eg. We weren’t out to design a contemporary utopia.

Chapter 11

1. clandestine

• /klænˈdestɪn; ˈklændəstaɪn/
• adj. 暗中从事的；保密的；秘密的
• done in secret; kept hidden
• eg. a clandestine meeting/relationship

2. contingency

• /kənˈtɪndʒənsi/
• n. 可能发生的事；偶发（或不测、意外）事件
• a possible future event that must be prepared for or guarded against; possibility
• eg. We must consider all possible contingencies.

3. egocentric

• /ˌiːɡəʊˈsentrɪk; ˌeɡəʊˈsentrɪk/
• adj. 以自我为中心的；自私自利的
• self-centered; seeing everything in terms of oneself
• eg. He was egocentric, a man of impulse who expected those around him to serve him.

4. exonerate

• /ɪɡˈzɒnəreɪt/
• v. 宣布（某人）无罪；免除责任
• to clear of an accusation or charge; prove innocent
• eg. The police report exonerated Lewis from all charges of corruption.

5. incongruous

• /ɪnˈkɒŋɡruəs/
• adj. 不合适的；不相称的；不协调的
• out of place; having parts that are not in harmony or that are in consistent
• eg. Such traditional methods seem incongruous in our technical age.

6. indigenous

• /ɪnˈdɪdʒənəs/
• adj. 本地的；当地的；土生土长的
• living, growing, or produced naturally in a particular place; native
• eg. The kangaroo is indigenous to Australia.

7. liability

• /ˌlaɪəˈbɪləti/
• n. 惹麻烦的人（或事）；累赘
• something that acts as a disadvantage; a drawback
• eg. Since his injury, Jones has become more of a liability than an asset to the team.

8. prolific

• /prəˈlɪfɪk/
• adj. 多产的；创作丰富的
• producing many works, results, or offspring; fertile
• eg. a prolific author

9. reinstate

• /ˌriːɪnˈsteɪt/
• v. 使恢复原职；使重返岗位；把…放回原处；使恢复原状
• to restore to a previous position or condition; bring back into being or use
• eg. He was reinstated in his post.

10. superfluous

• /suːˈpɜːfluəs; sjuːˈpɜːfluəs/
• adj. 过剩的；过多的；多余的
• beyond what is needed, wanted, or useful; extra
• eg. She gave him a look that made words superfluous.

Chapter 13

1. advocate

• /'ædvəkeɪt；-ət/
• v. 拥护；支持；提倡
• to speak or write in favor of; support
• eg. The group does not advocate the use of violence.

2. antipathy

• /ænˈtɪpəθi/
• n. 厌恶；反感
• a strong dislike or distaste; hatred
• eg. a growing antipathy towards the idea

3. emancipate

• /ɪˈmænsɪpeɪt/
• v. 解放；使不受（法律、政治或社会的）束缚
• to set free from slavery
• eg. Slaves were not emancipated until 1863 in the United States.

4. idiosyncrasy

• /ˌɪdiəˈsɪŋkrəsi/
• n. （个人特有的）习性；特征；癖好
• a personal peculiarity;
• The car has its little idiosyncrasies.

5. imminent

• /ˈɪmɪnənt/
• adj. 即将发生的；临近的
• about to happen
• The system is in imminent danger of collapse.

6. impede

• /ɪmˈpiːd/
• v. 阻碍；阻止
• to delay or slow; get in the way of
• eg. Work on the building was impeded by severe weather.

7. inclusive

• /ɪnˈkluːsɪv/
• adj. 包含全部费用；包括所提到的费用在内；包括提到的所有的天数（或月、数目等）在内；包容广阔的；范围广泛的
• including much or everything; broad or complete in coverage
• eg. The party must adopt more inclusive strategies and a broader vision.

8. jurisdiction

• /ˌdʒʊərɪsˈdɪkʃn/
• n. 司法权；审判权；管辖权
• the authority to administer justice; authority; range or extent of authority
• eg. The British police have no jurisdiction over foreign bank accounts.

9. precarious

• /prɪˈkeəriəs/
• adj. 不稳的；不确定的；不保险的；危险的；摇摇欲坠的；不稳固的
• dangerous; risky; dangerously uncertain
• eg. He earned a precarious living as an artist.

10. preposterous

• /prɪˈpɒstərəs/
• adj. 荒唐的；极不合情理的
• contrary to nature or reason and thus laughable; absurd
• eg. These claims are absolutely preposterous!

Chapter 14

1. austere

• /ɒˈstɪə®/
• adj. 朴素的；简陋的；无华饰的
• without decoration or luxury; severely simple
• eg. her austere bedroom with its simple narrow bed

2. esoteric

• /ˌiːsəˈterɪk; ˌesəˈterɪk/
• adj. 只有内行才懂的；难领略的
• intended for or understood by only a certain group; beyond the understanding of most people
• eg. esoteric knowledge

3. facsimile

• /fækˈsɪməli/
• n. 摹本；传真本；复制本
• an exact copy or reproduction
• eg. a manuscript reproduced in facsimile

4. grotesque

• /ɡrəʊˈtesk/
• adj. 怪诞的；荒唐的；荒谬的
• a crude exaggerated, or ridiculous representation; mockery
• eg. a grotesque distortion of the truth

5. mesmerize

• /ˈmezməraɪz/
• v. 迷住；吸引
• to hypnotize or fascinate; hold spellbound
• eg. He was absolutely mesmerized by Pavarotti on television.

6. metamorphosis

• /ˌmetəˈmɔːfəsɪs/
• n. 变质
• a great or complete change; transformation
• eg. his metamorphosis from a Republican to a Democrat.

7. notorious

• /nəʊˈtɔːriəs/
• adj. 声名狼藉的；臭名昭著的
• known widely but unfavorably; having a bad reputation
• eg. The country is notorious for its appalling prison conditions.

8. perfunctory

• /pəˈfʌŋktəri/
• adj. 敷衍的；例行公事般的；潦草的
• done only as a routine, with little care or interest; performed with no interest or enthusiasm
• eg. They only made a perfunctory effort.

9. provocative

• /prəˈvɒkətɪv/
• adj. 挑衅的；煽动性的；激起争端的
• tending to arouse interest or curiosity
• eg. He doesn’t really mean that—he’s just being deliberately provocative.

10. travesty

• /ˈtrævəsti/
• n. 嘲弄；歪曲
• distorted or strikingly inconsistent in shape, appearance, or manner
• eg. The trial was a travesty of justice.

Chapter 15

1. connoisseur

• /ˌkɒnəˈsɜː®/
• n. 鉴赏家；鉴定家；行家
• an expert in fine art or in matters of taste
• eg. a connoisseur of Italian painting

2. conspiracy

• /kənˈspɪrəsi/
• n. 密谋策划；阴谋
• a secret plot by two or more people, especially for a harmful or illegal purpose
• eg. a conspiracy to overthrow the government

3. contrite

• /kənˈtraɪt; ˈkɒntraɪt/
• adj. 深感懊悔的；痛悔的
• truly sorry for having done wrong; repentant
• eg. a look of contrition

4. distraught

• /dɪˈstrɔːt/
• adj. 心烦意乱的；心急如焚的；发狂的
• very troubled; distressed
• eg. Mr. Barker’s distraught parents were last night being comforted by relatives.

5. germane

• /dʒɜːˈmeɪn/
• adj. 与…有密切关系；贴切；恰当
• having to do with the issue at hand; relevant
• eg. remarks that are germane to the discussion

6. lucid

• /ˈluːsɪd/
• adj. 表达清楚的；易懂的
• clearly expressed; easily understood
• eg. In a rare lucid moment, she looked at me and smiled.

7. plight

• /plaɪt/
• n. 苦难；困境；苦境
• a situation marked by difficulty, hardship, or misfortune
• eg. The African elephant is in a desperate plight.

8. superficially

• /ˌsuːpəˈfɪʃəli; ˌsjuːpəˈfɪʃəli/
• adv. 肤浅
• in an on-the-surface manner; not thoroughly
• eg. The filmfilmfilm touches on these issues, but only superficially.

9. symmetrical

• /sɪˈmetrɪkl/
• adj. 对称的
• well proportioned; balanced; the same on both sides
• eg. Loam is a soil with roughly equal proportions of clay, sand and silt.

10. verbose

• /vɜːˈbəʊs/
• adj. 冗长的；啰唆的；唠叨的
• using or containing too many words
• eg. a verbose speaker/style

Chapter 16

1. adept

• /əˈdept/
• adj. 内行的；熟练的；擅长的
• highly skilled; expert
• eg. He’s usually very adept at keeping his private life out of the media.

2. encompass

• /ɪnˈkʌmpəs/
• v. 包含，包括，涉及（大量事物）
• to include; contain
• eg. The job encompasses a wide range of responsibilities.

3. entrepreneur

• /ˌɒntrəprəˈnɜːr/
• n. 创业者，企业家（尤指涉及财务风险的）
• a person who organizes, manages, and takes the risk of a business undertaking
• eg.

4. eradicate

• /ɪˈrædɪkeɪt/
• v. 根除；消灭；杜绝
• to get rid of altogether; wipe out
• eg. Polio has been virtually eradicated in Brazil.

5. homogeneous

• /ˌhɒməˈdʒiːniəs/
• adj. 由相同（或同类型）事物（或人）组成的；同种类的
• made up of similar or identical parts; uniform throuthout
• eg. a homogeneous group/mixture/population

6. presumptuous

• /prɪˈzʌmptʃuəs/
• adj. 自负的；冒昧的；放肆的
• too bold; overly confident
• eg. It would be presumptuous to judge what the outcome will be.

7. sordid

• /ˈsɔːdɪd/
• adj. 卑鄙的; 不诚实的；肮脏的
• indecent; morally low; corrupt
• eg. He sat with his head buried in his hands as his sordid double life was revealed.

8. standardize

• /ˈstændədaɪz/
• v. 使标准化
• to make uniform; cause to conform to a model
• eg. There is a drive both to standardize components and to reduce the number of models.

9. stint

• /stɪnt/
• n. 一段时间
• a period of work or service
• eg. He is returning to this country after a five-year stint in Hong Kong.

10. stringent

• /ˈstrɪndʒənt/
• adj. 严格的；严厉的；紧缩的；短缺的；银根紧的
• strictly controlled or enforced; strict; severe
• eg. stringent air quality regulations

Chapter 17

1. exhort

• /ɪɡˈzɔːt/
• v. 规劝；敦促；告诫
• to urge with argument or strong advice; plead earnestly
• eg. The party leader exhorted his members to start preparing for government.

2. flamboyant

• /flæmˈbɔɪənt/
• adj. 炫耀的；卖弄的
• very slowy; strikingly bold
• eg. a flamboyant gesture/style/personality

3. foible

• /ˈfɔɪbl/
• n. （性格上无伤大雅的）怪癖，弱点，小缺点
• a minor weakness or character flaw; a minor fault in behavior
• eg. We have to tolerate each other’s little foibles.

4. innocuous

• /ɪˈnɒkjuəs/
• adj. 无恶意的；无意冒犯的
• harmless; inoffensive
• eg. It seemed a perfectly innocuous remark.

5. magnanimous

• /mæɡˈnænɪməs/
• adj. 宽宏的，大度的（尤指对敌人或对手）
• noble in mind and spirit; especially generous in forgiving
• eg. He was magnanimous in defeat and praised his opponent’s skill.

6. masochist

• /ˈmæsəkɪst/
• n. 自虐狂
• a person who gains satisfaction from suffering physical or psychological pain
• eg. Anybody who enjoys this is a masochist.

7. meticulous

• /məˈtɪkjələs/
• adj. 细心的；小心翼翼的
• extremely careful and exact; showing great attention to details
• eg. He’s always meticulous in keeping the records up to date.

8. rancor

• /'ræŋkə/
• n. 深仇；怨恨；敌意
• intense hatred or ill will; long-lasting resentment

9. recrimination

• /rɪˌkrɪmɪˈneɪʃn/
• n. 指责；反诉；反控
• an accusation made in response to an accuser; countercharge
• eg. The bitter arguments and recriminations have finally ended the relationship.

10. repugnant

• /rɪˈpʌɡnənt/
• adj. 让人反感的; 令人厌恶的
• offensive; distasteful; repulsive
• eg. Everything about the affair was repugnant to her.

Chapter 19

1. chide

• /tʃaɪd/
• v. 批评；指责；责备
• to scold mildly or express disapproval
• eg. She chided herself for being so impatient with the children.

2. coalition

• /ˌkəʊəˈlɪʃn/
• n. （两党或多党）联合政府
• a union of individuals, groups, or nation for some specific purpose
• eg. to form a coalition

3. commensurate

• /kəˈmenʃərət/
• adj. （在大小、重要性、质量等方面）相称的，相当的
• corresponding in degree, number, or size; in proportion
• eg. Salary will be commensurate with experience.

4. connotation

• /ˌkɒnəˈteɪʃn/
• n. 含义；隐含意义
• a secondary meaning suggested by a word, in addition to the world’s dictionary definition
• eg. The word ‘professional’ has connotations of skill and excellence.

5. diabolic

• /,daɪə’bɒlɪk/
• adj. 残忍的；魔鬼似的；恶魔的
• very cruel; wicked; demonic
• eg. Pitt’s smile returned, and it was hideously diabolic.

6. dilapidated

• /dɪˈlæpɪdeɪtɪd/
• adj. 破旧的；破烂的；年久失修的
• fallen into a state in which repairs are badly needed; broken down
• eg. an old dilapidated barn

7. integral

• /ˈɪntɪɡrəl; ɪnˈteɡrəl/
• adj. 必需的；不可或缺的
• necessary to the whole; belonging to the whole
• eg. Music is an integral part of the school’s curriculum.

8. noxious

• /ˈnɒkʃəs/
• adj. 有毒的；有害的
• harmful to life or health; poisonous
• eg. noxious fumes

9. scenario

• /səˈnɑːriəʊ/
• n. 设想；方案；预测
• a sequence of events that is imagined, assumed, or suggested
• eg. Let me suggest a possible scenario.

10. yen

• /jen/
• n. 强烈的欲望；渴望
• a strong desire; craving
• eg. I’ve always had a yen to travel around the world.

Chapter 20

1. atrophy

• /ˈætrəfi/
• v. 萎缩；衰退
• to wear down, lose stength, or become weak, as from disuse, disease, or injury (said of a body part); to wither away
• eg. Memory can atrophy through lack of use.

2. deplore

• /dɪˈplɔːr/
• v. 公开谴责；强烈反对
• to feel or express disapproval of
• eg. Like everyone else, I deplore and condemn this killing.

3. deprivation

• /ˌdeprɪˈveɪʃn/
• n. 缺乏；贫困；丧失；剥夺
• lack or shortage of one or more basic necessities
• eg. neglected children suffering from social deprivation

4. exacerbate

• /ɪɡˈzæsəbeɪt/
• v. 使恶化；使加剧；使加重
• to aggravate (a situation or condition); make more severe
• eg. The symptoms may be exacerbated by certain drugs.

5. imperative

• /ɪmˈperətɪv/
• adj. 重要紧急的；迫切的；急需处理的
• necessary; urgent
• eg. It is absolutely imperative that we finish by next week.

6. mitigate

• /ˈmɪtɪɡeɪt/
• v. 减轻；缓和
• to make less severe or less intense; relieve
• eg. action to mitigate poverty

7. objective

• /əbˈdʒektɪv/
• adj. 客观的；就事论事的；不带个人感情的
• not influenced by emotion or personal prejudice; based only on what can be observed

8. panacea

• /ˌpænəˈsiːə/
• n. 万灵药；万能之计
• something supposed to cure all diseased, evils or difficultied; cure-all
• eg. Trade is not a panacea for the world’s economic or social ills.

9. unprecedented

• /ʌnˈpresɪdentɪd/
• adj. 前所未有的；空前的；没有先例的
• being the first instance of something; never having occured before
• eg. The situation is unprecedented in modern times.

10. utilitarian

• /jʊ,tɪlɪ’teərɪən/
• adj. 实用的；功利的；实惠的
• made or intended for practical use; strssing usefulness over beauty or other considerations
• eg. Bruce’s office is utilitarian and unglamorous.

Chapter 25

1. disparity

• n. 不同；不一致；不等(尤指不公平)
• an inequality or difference, as in ages or amounts
• eg. There’s an enormous disparity between the million-dollar incomes of gap executives and the modest paychecks most people earn

2. forestall

• v. 先发制人，预先阻止(尤指不好的事)；垄断，屯积；领先；占先一步
• to prevent or hinder by taking action beforehand
• eg. Large numbers of police were in the square to forestall any demonstrations.

3. insidious

• adj. 阴险的；隐伏的；暗中为害的；狡猾的
• working or spreading harmfully but in a manner hard to notice; more harmful than at first evident
• eg. Many people fear that farm chemicals have insidious effects. The chemicals don’t seem harmful, but cancer rates have started to increase.

4. insinuate

• v. 暗示，旁敲侧击地指出(不快的事), 拐弯抹角地说
• to suggest slyly
• eg. He didn’t come right out and say it, but Mr Shriber insinuated that someone in the class had gotten hold of the test ahead of time.

5. interrogate

• v. 讯问；审问；盘问
• to question formally and systematically
• eg. Before the police interrogated the suspect, they informed him of his right not to answer their questions.

6. obsequious

• adj. 谄媚的；巴结奉迎的
• overly willing to serve, obey, or flatter in order to gain favor
• eg. Each of the queen’s advisers tried to be more obsequious than the other, bowing as low as possible and uttering flowerly compliments.

7. omnipotent

• adj. 万能的；全能的；无所不能的
• all-powerful; having unlimited power or authority
• eg. Small children think of their parents as omnipotent ---- able to do anything, control everything, and grant whatever a child might wish for.

8. opportune

• adj. 恰好的；适当的；恰当的
• suitable (said of time); well-timed
• eg. The job offer came at an especially opportune time. I had just decided that I might like to work for a year or so before returning to school.

9. permeate

• v. 渗透；弥漫；扩散; 感染；传播；扩散
• to flow or spread throughout(something)
• eg. The strong scent of Kate’s perfume soom permeated the entire room.

10. retribution

• n. 严惩；惩罚；报应
• something given or done as repayment, reward, or(usually) punishment
• eg. For much of human history, before science could explain diseases, many people believe that any illness was a retribution for immoral behavior.

chapter 26

1. complement

• /'kɒmplɪmənt/
• v. 补充；补足；使完美；使更具吸引力
• eg.

2. discreet

• /dɪˈskriːt/
• adj. （言行）谨慎的，慎重的，考虑周到的
• eg.

3. fastidious

• /fæˈstɪdiəs/
• adj. 一丝不苟的；严谨的
• eg.

4. flout

• /flaʊt/
• v. 公然藐视，无视（法律等）
• eg.

5. heinous

• /ˈheɪnəs; ˈhiːnəs/
• adj. 极恶毒的；道德败坏的
• eg.

6. implement

• /'ɪmplɪmənt/
• v. 使生效；贯彻；执行；实施
• eg.

7. impromptu

• /ɪmˈprɒmptjuː/
• adj. 无准备的；即兴的；即席的
• eg.

8. inference

• /ˈɪnfərəns/
• n. 推断的结果；结论
• eg.

9. intuition

• /ˌɪntjuˈɪʃn/
• n. 直觉力
• eg.

10. obtrusive

• /əbˈtruːsɪv/
• adj. 扎眼的；过分炫耀的；显眼的
• eg.

Chapter 27

1. auspicious

• /ɔːˈspɪʃəs/
• adj. 吉利的；吉祥的
• being a good sign; favorable; encouraging
• eg. an auspicious start to the new school year

2. expedite

• /ˈekspədaɪt/
• v. 加快；加速
• to speed up or ease the progress of
• eg. We have developed rapid order processing to expedite deliveries to customers.

3. extenuating

• /ɪkˈstenjueɪtɪŋ/
• adj. 情有可原的；可减轻的
• serving to make (aa fault, an offense, or guilt) less serious or seem less serious through some excuse
• eg. There were extenuating circumstances and the defendant did not receive a prison sentence.

4. fraudulent

• /ˈfrɔːdjələnt/
• adj. 欺骗的；欺诈的
• characterized by trickery, cheating, or lies
• fraudulent advertising 虚假不实的广告

5. innuendo

• /ˌɪnjuˈendəʊ/
• n. 暗指；影射
• an indirect remark or gesture, usually suggesting something belittling; an insinuation; a hint
• The song is full of sexual innuendo.

6. rebuke

• /rɪˈbjuːk/
• v. 指责；批评
• to scold sharply; express blame or disapproval
• The company was publicly rebuked for having neglected safety procedures.

7. redeem

• /rɪˈdiːm/
• v. 补救；弥补；掩饰…之不足；偿清；付清
• to restore (oneself) to favor by making up for offensive conduct; make amends
• He has a chance to redeem himself after last week’s mistakes.

8. subordinate

• /səˈbɔːdɪnət/
• adj. 隶属的；从属的；下级的；次要的
• under the authority or power of another; inferior or below another in rank, power, or importance
• eg. In many societies women are subordinate to men.

9. transgress

• /trænzˈɡres; trænsˈɡres/
• v. 越轨；违背（道德）；违犯（法律）
• to sin or commit an offense; break a law or command
• eg. If a politician transgresses, that is not the fault of the media.

10. vehement

• /ˈviːəmənt/
• adj. （感情）强烈的，激烈的；（尤指）愤怒的
• intense; forceful
• eg. He had been vehement in his opposition to the idea.

Chapter 28

1. deride

• /dɪˈraɪd/
• v. 嘲笑；愚弄；揶揄
• to make fun of; ridicule
• eg. His views were derided as old-fashioned.

2. derogatory

• /dɪˈrɒɡətri/
• adj. 贬低的；贬义的
• expressing a low opinion; belittling
• eg. derogatory remarks/comments

3. fabricate

• /ˈfæbrɪkeɪt/
• v. 编造；捏造
• to make up (a story, information) in order to deceive; invent (a lie)
• eg. The evidence was totally fabricated.

4. impending

• /ɪmˈpendɪŋ/
• adj. 即将发生的；迫在眉睫的
• about to happen; imminent
• eg. warnings of impending danger/disaster

5. macabre

• /məˈkɑːbrə/
• adj. 可怕的，恐怖的（尤指与死亡等相联系的）
• suggestive of death and decay; frightful; causing horror and disgust
• eg. Police have made a macabre discovery.

6. misconstrue

• /ˌmɪskənˈstruː/
• v. 误解; 曲解
• to misinterpret; misunderstand the meaning or significance of
• eg. It is easy to misconstrue confidence as arrogance.

7. paramount

• /ˈpærəmaʊnt/
• adj. 至为重要的；首要的；至高无上的；至尊的；权力最大的
• of greatest concern or importance; foremost; chief in rank or authority
• eg. Safety is paramount.

8. quandary

• /ˈkwɒndəri/
• n. 困惑；进退两难；困窘
• a state of uncertainty or confusion about what to do; predicament
• eg. George was in a quandary —should he go or shouldn’t he?

9. turbulent

• /ˈtɜːbjələnt/
• adj. 动荡的；动乱的；骚动的；混乱的
• full of wild disorder or wildly irregular motion; violently disturbed
• eg. a short and turbulent career in politics

10. validate

• /ˈvælɪdeɪt/
• v. 证实；确认；确证；使生效；使有法律效力
• to show to be true; prove
• eg. Check that their courses have been validated by a reputable organization.