python 笔记 (2):核心对象类型

1. 核心数据类型(core data types): Numbers, Strings,Lists, Dictionaries, Tuples, Files, Sets, other core types(Booleans, Types, None), 

others; Program unit types(Functions, modules, classes),  Implementation-related types(Compiled code, stack tracebacks)

2. everything in python program is an object.; python is dynamicly typed(不需要事先声明代码类型,但需要赋值），strongly typed(只有对象类型合法的操作才能用）

３．strings(sequences:位置有序的对象的集合）

index: 值可以为正或者负，当为负的时候，从右边往前倒着计数：-1是倒数第一个元素;S[-1] = Ｓ[len(S)-1]

slicing:　X[I:J]:截取Ｘ的从Ｉ开始到Ｊ但不包含J的部分；左边界默认是０，右边界默认是X的长度。因此， X[:J] = X[0:J];

X[I:] = X[I:len(X)]; X[:] = X[0:len(X)]; X[:-1] = X[0:len(X)-1]

concatenation:　 "abc" + 'xyz‘

repetition: 　’spam' ** 8

immutability: strings cannot be changed..

4. string-specific methods: find, replace, split, upper, isalpha...

5. format: 　 expression: '%s: eggs, and %s" % ('spam', 'SPAM')

mehtod: '{0}, eggs and {1}'.format('spam', 'SPAM')

6:字符串可以用单或者双引号包含；跨行的用三个单或者双引号

7. lists(sequence): mutable, 包含的对象类型可以不同;可以有相同的对象；comprehension: doubles = [c * 2 for c in 'spam']

{ord(x) for x in 'spaam'}  {x: ord(x) for x in 'spaam'}

8: dictionaries (mappings):mapping 通过key保存数据;don't maintain left-to-right order; mutable;nesting(可以包含 maping, lists对象）

if tests:

D= {a':1, 'b':2, 'c':3}

if 'd' in D:

print(D['d'])

tuples:  sequence, imutable, 元素类型可以是任意类型，可以任意嵌套