Python数值方法和可视化

• 随机数和蒙特卡洛模拟
• 求解单一变量非线性方程
• 求解线性系统方程
• 函数的数学积分
• 常微分方程的数值解

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• 等势线绘图和曲线
  • 等势线 
  • 

  • import numpy as np
    import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
    from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D
    
    x_vals = np.linspace(-5,5,20)
    y_vals = np.linspace(0,10,20)
    
    X,Y = np.meshgrid(x_vals,y_vals)
    Z = X**2 * Y**0.5
    line_count = 15
    
    ax = Axes3D(plt.figure())
    ax.plot_surface(X,Y,Z,rstride=1,cstride=1)
    plt.show()
    
    

• 非线性方程的数学解

  • 一般实函数  Scipy.optimize

    • fsolve函数求零点（限定只给实数解）

      • import scipy.optimize as so
        from scipy.optimize import fsolve
        
        f = lambda x:x**2-1
        fsolve(f,0.5)
        fsolve(f,-0.5)
        fsolve(f,[-0.5,0.5])
        
        
        >>>fsolve(f,-0.5,full_output=True)
        >>>(array([-1.]), {'nfev': 9, 'fjac': array([[-1.]]), 'r': array([1.99999875]), 'qtf': array([3.82396337e-10]), 'fvec': array([4.4408921e-16])}, 1, 'The solution converged.')
        
        >>>help(fsolve)
        >>>Help on function fsolve in module scipy.optimize._minpack_py:
        
        fsolve(func, x0, args=(), fprime=None, full_output=0, col_deriv=0, xtol=1.49012e-08, maxfev=0, band=None, epsfcn=None, factor=100, diag=None)
            Find the roots of a function.
            
            Return the roots of the (non-linear) equations defined by
            ``func(x) = 0`` given a starting estimate.
            
            Parameters
            ----------
            func : callable ``f(x, *args)``
                A function that takes at least one (possibly vector) argument,
                and returns a value of the same length.
            x0 : ndarray
                The starting estimate for the roots of ``func(x) = 0``.
            args : tuple, optional
                Any extra arguments to `func`.
            fprime : callable ``f(x, *args)``, optional
                A function to compute the Jacobian of `func` with derivatives
                across the rows. By default, the Jacobian will be estimated.
            full_output : bool, optional
                If True, return optional outputs.
            col_deriv : bool, optional
                Specify whether the Jacobian function computes derivatives down
                the columns (faster, because there is no transpose operation).
            xtol : float, optional
                The calculation will terminate if the relative error between two
                consecutive iterates is at most `xtol`.
            maxfev : int, optional
                The maximum number of calls to the function. If zero, then
                ``100*(N+1)`` is the maximum where N is the number of elements
                in `x0`.
            band : tuple, optional
                If set to a two-sequence containing the number of sub- and
                super-diagonals within the band of the Jacobi matrix, the
                Jacobi matrix is considered banded (only for ``fprime=None``).
            epsfcn : float, optional
                A suitable step length for the forward-difference
                approximation of the Jacobian (for ``fprime=None``). If
                `epsfcn` is less than the machine precision, it is assumed
                that the relative errors in the functions are of the order of
                the machine precision.
            factor : float, optional
                A parameter determining the initial step bound
                (``factor * || diag * x||``). Should be in the interval
                ``(0.1, 100)``.
            diag : sequence, optional
                N positive entries that serve as a scale factors for the
                variables.
            
            Returns
            -------
            x : ndarray
                The solution (or the result of the last iteration for
                an unsuccessful call).
            infodict : dict
                A dictionary of optional outputs with the keys:
            
                ``nfev``
                    number of function calls
                ``njev``
                    number of Jacobian calls
                ``fvec``
                    function evaluated at the output
                ``fjac``
                    the orthogonal matrix, q, produced by the QR
                    factorization of the final approximate Jacobian
                    matrix, stored column wise
                ``r``
                    upper triangular matrix produced by QR factorization
                    of the same matrix
                ``qtf``
                    the vector ``(transpose(q) * fvec)``
            
            ier : int
                An integer flag.  Set to 1 if a solution was found, otherwise refer
                to `mesg` for more information.
            mesg : str
                If no solution is found, `mesg` details the cause of failure.
            
            See Also
            --------
            root : Interface to root finding algorithms for multivariate
                   functions. See the ``method=='hybr'`` in particular.
            
            Notes
            -----
            ``fsolve`` is a wrapper around MINPACK's hybrd and hybrj algorithms.
            
            Examples
            --------
            Find a solution to the system of equations:
            ``x0*cos(x1) = 4,  x1*x0 - x1 = 5``.
            
            >>> from scipy.optimize import fsolve
            >>> def func(x):
            ...     return [x[0] * np.cos(x[1]) - 4,
            ...             x[1] * x[0] - x[1] - 5]
            >>> root = fsolve(func, [1, 1])
            >>> root
            array([6.50409711, 0.90841421])
            >>> np.isclose(func(root), [0.0, 0.0])  # func(root) should be almost 0.0.
            array([ True,  True])
        

      • 关键字参数  full_output=True 
  • 多项式的复数根
    • np.roots([最高位系数，次高位系数，... ... x项系数，常数项])

    • >>>f = lambda x:x**4 + x -1
      >>>np.roots([1,0,0,1,-1])
      >>>array([-1.22074408+0.j        ,  0.24812606+1.03398206j,
              0.24812606-1.03398206j,  0.72449196+0.j        ])
      

• 求解线性等式   scipy.linalg
  • 利用dir()获取常用函数
    • 

  • import numpy as np
    import scipy.linalg as sla
    from scipy.linalg import inv
    a = np.array([-1,5])
    c = np.array([[1,3],[3,4]])
    x = np.dot(inv(c),a)
    
    >>>x
    >>>array([ 3.8, -1.6])
    

• 数值积分  scipy.integrate
  •  利用dir()获取你需要的信息
  • 对自定义函数做积分
    • 

    • import scipy.integrate as si
      from scipy.integrate import quad
      import numpy as np
      import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
      f = lambda x:x**1.05*0.001
      
      interval = 100
      xmax = np.linspace(1,5,interval)
      integral,error = np.zeros(xmax.size),np.zeros(xmax.size)
      for i in range(interval):
          integral[i],error[i] = quad(f,0,xmax[i])
      plt.plot(xmax,integral,label="integral")
      plt.plot(xmax,error,label="error")
      plt.show()
      

  • 对震荡函数做积分
    • quad 函数允许 调整他使用的网格

    • >>>(-0.4677718053224297, 2.5318630220102742e-05)
      >>>quad(np.cos,-1,1,limit=100)
      >>>(1.6829419696157932, 1.8684409237754643e-14)
      >>>quad(np.cos,-1,1,limit=1000)
      >>>(1.6829419696157932, 1.8684409237754643e-14)
      >>>quad(np.cos,-1,1,limit=10)
      >>>(1.6829419696157932, 1.8684409237754643e-14)
      

• 微分方程的数值解
  • 参见   Python数值求解微分方程(欧拉法,隐式欧拉) 

         

• 向量场与流线图
  • vector(x,y) = (y,-x)
  •   

    import numpy as np
    import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
    
    coords = np.linspace(-1,1,30)
    X,Y = np.meshgrid(coords,coords)
    Vx,Vy = Y,-X
    
    plt.quiver(X,Y,Vx,Vy)
    plt.show()
    
    
    ------------------
    import numpy as np
    import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
    
    coords = np.linspace(-2,2,10)
    X,Y = np.meshgrid(coords,coords)
    Z = np.exp(np.exp(X+Y))
    
    ds = 4/6
    dX,dY = np.gradient(Z,ds)
    plt.contourf(X,Y,Z,25)
    plt.quiver(X,Y,dX.transpose(),dY.transpose(),scale=25)
    plt.show()
    

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