python + selenium 自动化测试常用方法代码
- 常用元素定位方法
常用元素定位方法有8种,分别是by_id,by_name,by_class,by_link_text,by_partial_link_text,by_tag_name,by_css_selector,css_xpath
css_selector比较快捷,功能比较多,相对常用,xpath相对不稳定,因为上下层级可能随时会变动
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.common.exceptions import NoSuchElementException
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
import time
browser=webdriver.Firefox()
browser.get('http://www.baidu.com')
time.sleep(2)
# 元素查找方法,css_selector比较快捷,功能比较强大,xpath比较不稳定
element=browser.find_element_by_id('kw')
element=browser.find_element_by_name('wd')
element=browser.find_element_by_class_name('s_ipt')
element=browser.find_element_by_tag_name('input')
element=browser.find_elements_by_class_name('input')[0]
element=browser.find_element_by_link_text('软件测试')
element=browser.find_element_by_partial_link_text('测试')
element=browser.find_element_by_css_selector('#kw')#id
element=browser.find_element_by_css_selector('.s_ipt')#class
element=browser.find_element_by_css_selector('[autocomplete="off"]')#属性
element=browser.find_element_by_css_selector('from#loginfrom>ul>input')#层级
element=browser.find_element_by_xpath('/html/body/div[2]/div[1]/div/div[1]/div/form/span[1]/input')
element=browser.find_element_by_xpath("//input[@id='kw']")#相对路径
element.click()
element.send_keys('sss')
#By元素定位
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
browser = webdriver.Firefox()
browser.get('http://www.baidu.com')
ele=browser.find_element(By.ID, 'kw')
ele=browser.find_element(By.NAME,'NAME')
ele=browser.find_element(By.CLASS_NAME,'NAME')
ele=browser.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR,'NAME')
ele=browser.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT,'NAME')
ele=browser.find_element(By.PARTIAL_LINK_TEXT,'NAME')
ele=browser.find_element(By.TAG_NAME,'input')
ele=browser.find_element(By.XPATH,'//input[@id="kw"]')
- 判断一个元素是否存在
通过捕获异常的方法
try:
browser.find_element_by_id('kw1')
except NoSuchElementException as msg:
print(msg)
finally:
print(time.ctime())
- 判断一个元素是否是显示的,无隐藏
element=browser.find_element_by_name('wd')
print(element.is_displayed())
- 保证一个元素_是可点击的,显示等待
from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
element=WebDriverWait(browser,5).until(expected_conditions.presence_of_element_located(By.ID,'kw'))
element.click()
- 隐式等待
element=browser.implicitly_wait(5)
try:
browser.find_element_by_tag_name('input')
except NoSuchElementException as msg:
print(msg)
- 下拉菜单的选择
1.根据下拉菜单的标签定位,两次点击
browser.find_elements_by_tag_name('option')[1].click()
browser.find_element_by_css_selector("[value='2']").click()
2.通过select类实现访问下拉菜单
from selenium.webdriver.support.select import Select
select=Select(browser.find_element_by_css_selector("[name='CookieDate']"))
select.select_by_index(1)
select.select_by_value('1')
select.select_by_visible_text('留一年')
- 鼠标操作的方法
from selenium.webdriver import ActionChains
ActionChains(browser).double_click(element).perform()#双击
ActionChains(browser).context_click(element).perform()#右击
ActionChains(browser).move_to_element(element).perform()#鼠标悬停
- 键盘操作
from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys
browser.find_elements_by_css_selector('#kw').send_keys(Keys.CONTROL,'a')
browser.find_elements_by_css_selector('#kw').send_keys(Keys.CONTROL,'c')
browser.find_elements_by_css_selector('#kw').send_keys(Keys.CONTROL,'x')
browser.find_elements_by_css_selector('#kw').send_keys(Keys.CONTROL,'v')
- frame嵌套页面元素定位
file_path=r'E:\Python_script\Webdriver\Frame.html'
browser.get(file_path)
browser.switch_to.frame('search')#<iframe id="search" src="http://www.sogou.com" width="800" height="500">
- 多窗口切换操作
browser.get('http://www.baidu.com')
selenium_index=browser.current_window_handle#获取主页窗口句柄
browser.find_elements_by_css_selector('.s_ipt').click()#点击跳转到别的页面
browser.switch_to.window(selenium_index)#跳转返回主页面
- 警告弹窗处理
当弹窗跳出来之后
alter=browser.switch_to.alert()#跳转到警告窗口
alter.accept()
- 上传文件
browser.find_element_by_css_selector(".soutu-btn").click()#百度的上传图片按钮
time.sleep(3)
browser.find_element_by_css_selector(".upload-pic").send_keys(r"E:\Python_script\Webdriver\shuiyin.png")#上传本地图片
- 网页截图操作
browser.get_screenshot_as_file(r'E:\Python_script\1.png')
browser.get_screenshot_as_file(r'E:\Python_script\2.jpg')
- 鼠标滚动条操作
#将鼠标拖到最底部
js="var action=document.documentElement.scrollTop=10000"
browser.execute_script(js)
#将鼠标拖到最顶部
js="var action=document.documentElement.scrollTop=0"
browser.execute_script(js)
- 网站登录跳过验证码
通过向浏览器添加cookie的方法
#跳过验证码,添加cookie
browser.get('http://www.baidu.com')
browser.maximize_window()
browser.add_cookie({'name':'BAIDUID','value':'488B6E8A4B2BE68ACAF507A1319635C1:FG=1'})
browser.add_cookie({'name':'BDUSS','value':'Vh3clJjanRuRk5kb0hqMVVhenZkLUNlWDhXUkJrSGFIYVpxU1dON0tMVzhLSGRmSVFBQUFBJCQAAAAAAAAAAAEAAAACh~Ovd2luZHmy3M7EvrIAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAALybT1-8m09fV'})
browser.refresh()
browser.qiut()