Django官方文档小结(四) -- 用户及权限

Django 用户及权限

#1 环境

Python3.7.3
Django==2.0.7

#2 用户

#2.1 User对象

这里推荐使用 AbstractUser, 而不是User

1. 使用方法

from django.contrib.auth.models import AbstractUser

class UserProfile(AbstractUser):
    # ...

2. 在settings.py中配置 AbstractUser

AUTH_USER_MODEL = 'app名.UserProfile'

3. 普通用户创建

创建用户最直接的方法是使用包含的 create_user()帮助函数：

>>> models.UserProfile.objects.create_user(username="cox",password="cox123456")
<UserProfile: cox>

4. 超级管理员用户创建

超级管理员email字段不能为空

>>> models.UserProfile.objects.create_superuser(username="admin",password="cox123456",email="job@minhung.me")
<UserProfile: admin>

#2.2 用户密码管理

1. 密码更改

>>> user_obj = models.UserProfile.objects.get(username='cox')
>>> user_obj.set_password('new password')
>>> user_obj.save()

2. 用户验证

from django.contrib.auth import authenticate
user = authenticate(username='cox', password='cox123456')
if user:
    # 用户名密码匹配正确
else:
    # 用户名密码不匹配 

3. 自定义用户验证

当用户需要邮箱登录时,验证的是邮箱和密码,所以需要自定义用户验证

from django.contrib.auth.backends import ModelBackend
from django.db.models import Q
from app import models

class CustomBackend(ModelBackend):
    """
    自定义用户验证规则
    """
    def authenticate(self, username=None, password=None, **kwargs):
        try:
            user = models.userprofile.objects.get(Q(username=username)|Q(email=username))
            if user.check_password(password):
                return user
        except Exception as e:
            print("用户登录验证异常except:", e)
            return None

在settings.py中配置

# 路径是CustomBackend的路径
AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS = (
    'django_restframework.authenticates.authenticate.CustomBackend',
)

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#3 权限

API	描述
user_obj.user_permissions.set([permission_list])	用户对象设置权限
user_obj.user_permissions.add(permission, permission, …)	用户对象添加权限
user_obj.user_permissions.remove(permission, permission, …)	用户对象删除权限
user_obj.user_permissions.clear()	用户对象清除所有权限

#3.1 权限表结构

from django.contrib.auth.models import Permission

class Permission(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=255) # 权限名 
    content_type = models.ForeignKey(
        ContentType,
        models.CASCADE,
    ) # 内容类型 
    codename = models.CharField(max_length=100) 

#3.2 操作权限

1. 新增权限

>>> c_type = ContentType.objects.get(app_label='app')
>>> Permission.objects.create(name='text per',codename='per1',content_type=c_type)
<Permission: app | user | text per>

---

2. 用户添加权限

>>> per2 = Permission.objects.create(name='text per2',codename='per2',content_type=c_type)
>>> user_obj.user_permissions.add(per2)

3. 获取用户所有权限

>>> user_obj.user_permissions.all()
<QuerySet [<Permission: app | user | text per>, <Permission: app | user | text per2>]>

4. 用户删除权限

5. 清空用户权限

>>> user_obj.user_permissions.all()
<QuerySet [<Permission: app | user | text per>, <Permission: app | user | text per2>]>
>>> user_obj.user_permissions.clear()
>>> user_obj.user_permissions.all()
<QuerySet []>

6. 查看所有权限

>>> Permission.objects.all()
<QuerySet [<Permission: admin | log entry | Can add log entry>, <Permission: admin | log entry | Can change log entry>, <Permission: admin | log entry | Can delete log entry>, <Permission: app | user | Can add user>, <Permission: app | user | Can change user>, <Permission: app | user | Can delete user>, <Permission: app | user | text per>, <Permission: app | user | text per2>, <Permission: auth | group | Can add group>, <Permission: auth | group | Can change group>, <Permission: auth | group | Can delete group>, <Permission: auth | permission | Can add permission>, <Permission: auth | permission | Can change permission>, <Permission: auth | permission | Can delete permission>, <Permission: contenttypes | content type | Can add content type>, <Permission: contenttypes | content type | Can change content type>, <Permission: contenttypes | content type | Can delete content type>, <Permission: sessions | session | Can add session>, <Permission: sessions | session | Can change session>, <Permission: sessions | session | Can delete session>]>

#4 权限组

API	描述
user_obj.groups.set([group_list])	用户设置权限组
user_obj.groups.add(group, group, …)	用户对象添加权限组
user_obj.groups.remove(group, group, …)	用户对象删权限组
user_obj.groups.clear()	用户对象清除所有权限组

#4.1 权限组表结构

from django.contrib.auth.models import Group

class Group(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=80, unique=True) # 权限组名 
    permissions = models.ManyToManyField(
        Permission,
        verbose_name=_('permissions'),
        blank=True,
    ) # 权限组对应的权限

#4.2 操作权限组

1. 新增权限组

>>> from django.contrib.auth.models import Group
>>> g_player = Group.objects.create(name='player')
>>> g_player
<Group: player>

---

2. 权限组添加权限

>>> g_player.permissions.add(per1)
>>> g_player.permissions.all()
<QuerySet [<Permission: app | user | text per>]>
>>> g_player.permissions.add(per2)
>>> g_player.permissions.all()
<QuerySet [<Permission: app | user | text per>, <Permission: app | user | text per2>]>

3. 权限组删除权限

4. 权限组清空权限

>>> g_player.permissions.clear()
>>> g_player.permissions.all()
<QuerySet []>

5. 权限组添加用户

>>> user_obj.groups.add(g_player) # user_obj用户被添加到g_player权限组中
或 >>> g_player.user_set.add(user_obj) # 一样的效果
>>> user_obj.user_permissions.all()
<QuerySet []> # 为什么是空的???
# 因为之前已经把用户权限全部清空,用户被加到权限组后,
# 会拥有权限组的权限,但是并不是自己的权限,在数据库中没有记录,数据库只会记录用户在哪个权限组

如何查看用户是否拥有权限??

>>> g_player.permissions.all() # 查看权限组g_player中的权限
<QuerySet [<Permission: app | user | text per>]> # 权限组g_player拥有per1权限
>>> user_obj.has_perm('app.per1') # 校验用户是否拥有per1权限 -- content_type.codename
True
>>> user_obj.has_perm('app.per2')
False

6. 用户退出用户组

>>> user_obj.groups.remove(g_player)
或 >>> g_player.user_set.remove(user_obj)
>>> user_obj.groups.all()
<QuerySet []>

7. 用户退出所有用户组

>>> user_obj.groups.clear()
>>> user_obj.groups.all()
<QuerySet []>

8. 用户组中所有用户退出组

g_player.user_set.clear()

#5 自定义权限

未完待续 ! ! !

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