【C#语言入门】11. 表达式、语句详解（1）

【C#语言入门】11. 表达式、语句详解（1）

一、表达式的定义

• 什么是表达式
  • Expressions, together with commands and declarations, are one of the basic components of every programming language.We can say that expressions are the essential component of every language.
  • An expression is a syntactic entity whose evalution either produces a value or fails to terminate, in which case the expression is undefined.
  • 各种编程语言对表达式的实现不尽相同，但大体上都符合这个定义。
  • 简单来记就是专门用来求值的语法实体。
• C#语言对表达式的定义
  • An expression is a sequence of **one or more operands and zero or more operators **that can be evaluated to a single value, object, method, or namespace.Expressions can consist of a literal value, a method invocation, an operator and its operands or a simple name.Simple names can be the name of a variable, type member, method parameter, namespace or type.
  • 算法逻辑的最基本单元是表达式，表达一定的算法意图。
  • 因为操作符有优先级，所以表达式也就有了优先级。

int x = 1000;//single value

new Form[];//object

Action myAction = new Action(Console.WriteLine);//mathod，"."是成员操作符，Coinsole和WriteLine是操作数

System.Windows.Forms.Form myForm = new Form();//namespace，同样是"."作为操作符

二、各类表达式概览

• C#语言中表达式的分类
  • A value. Every value has an associated type. 任何能得到值的运算
  • A variable. Every variable has an associated type.
  • A namespace.
  • A method group. 例如：Console.WriteLine，这是一组方法，重载决策决定具体调用哪一个
  • A null literal.
  • An anonymous function.
  • A property access.
  • An event access.
  • An indexer access.
  • Nothing. 对返回值为void的方法的调用
• 复合表达式的求值
  • 注意操作符的优先级和同优先级操作符的运算方向

三、语句的定义

• Wikipedia对语句的定义
  • In computer programming a statement is the smallest standalone element of an imperative programming language which expersses some action to be carried out. A program written in such a language is formed by a sequence of one or more statements. A statement will have internal components.
  • 语句是高级语言的语法——汇编语言和机器语言只有指令，语句等价于一个或一组有明显逻辑关联的指令。举例：求圆柱体积。
• C#语言对语句的定义
  • The actions that a program takes are expressed in statements. Common actions include declaring variables, assigning values, calling methods, looping through collections, and branching to one or another block of code, depending on a given condition.The order inwhich statements are executed in a program is called the flow of control or flow of execution.The flow of control may vary every time that a program is run, depending on how the program reacts to input that it receives at run time.
  • C#语言的语句除了能够让程序员“顺序的”表达算法思想，还能通过条件判断、跳转和循环等方法控制程序逻辑的走向。
  • 简而言之就是：陈述算法思想，控制逻辑走向，完成有意义的动作。
  • C#语言的语句由分号结尾，但由分号结尾的不一定都是语句。
  • 语句一定是出现在方法体里的。

using System; //这不是语句

class Student
{
    public string Name；//这也不是语句
}

四、语句详解

• statement:
  • labeled-statement 标签语句
  • declaration-statemnt 声明语句
  • embedded-statedment 嵌入式语句
• embedded-statement
  • block 块语句
  • empty-statement 空语句
  • expression-statement 表达式语句
  • selection-statement 选择语句
  • iteration-statement 迭代语句
  • jump-statement 跳转语句
  • try-statement try…catch…finally语句
  • checked-statement check语句
  • unchecked-statement unchecked语句
  • lock-statement lock语句
  • using-statement using语句
  • yield-statement yield语句

五、声明语句

//变量初始化器
int x;

int y = 100;

int n, m;

int[] myArray = {1, 2, 3};

//——————————————————————
//常量初始化器
const int a = 123;

六、表达式语句

不是所有的表达式都可以作为语句的。不允许像x+y或者x==1这样只计算一个值（此值之后会被放弃）的表达式作为语句使用。

Console.WriteLine("nihao");

new Form();

int x;
x = 100;

x++;
--x: