python 中找到给定集合的所有拉丁方阵（或更少列的部分方阵）

如何找出给定集合的所有拉丁方阵（或具有更少列的部分方阵）？拉丁方阵是一个 n×n 的矩阵，其中每个元素都是从 1 到 n 的整数，并且每行和每列中的每个整数只出现一次。

解决方案

我们可以使用以下步骤来找到给定集合的所有拉丁方阵：

1. 创建一个 n×n 的矩阵，其中每个元素都是从 1 到 n 的整数。
2. 检查矩阵是否满足拉丁方阵的定义。
3. 如果矩阵满足拉丁方阵的定义，则将其添加到拉丁方阵列表中。
4. 重复步骤 2 和 3，直到找到所有拉丁方阵。

以下是使用 Python 实现此算法的代码示例：

import numpy as np

def find_latin_squares(n):
  """
  Finds all Latin squares of a given order.

  Args:
    n: The order of the Latin square.

  Returns:
    A list of all Latin squares of order n.
  """

  # Create a n×n matrix with all elements set to 0.
  matrix = np.zeros((n, n), dtype=int)

  # Create a list to store all Latin squares.
  latin_squares = []

  # Find all Latin squares.
  _find_latin_squares_helper(matrix, 0, latin_squares)

  # Return the list of Latin squares.
  return latin_squares


def _find_latin_squares_helper(matrix, row, latin_squares):
  """
  Helper function to find all Latin squares.

  Args:
    matrix: The current Latin square.
    row: The current row being processed.
    latin_squares: The list of all Latin squares found so far.
  """

  # Check if the matrix is a Latin square.
  if is_latin_square(matrix):
    # Add the matrix to the list of Latin squares.
    latin_squares.append(matrix)
    return

  # Try all possible values for the current cell.
  for value in range(1, n + 1):
    # Check if the value is valid for the current cell.
    if is_valid_value(matrix, row, value):
      # Set the value in the current cell.
      matrix[row, :] = value

      # Recursively find all Latin squares starting from the next row.
      _find_latin_squares_helper(matrix, row + 1, latin_squares)

      # Reset the value in the current cell.
      matrix[row, :] = 0


def is_latin_square(matrix):
  """
  Checks if a matrix is a Latin square.

  Args:
    matrix: The matrix to check.

  Returns:
    True if the matrix is a Latin square, False otherwise.
  """

  # Check if all rows and columns contain all values from 1 to n.
  for row in range(n):
    if not np.all(np.unique(matrix[row, :]) == np.arange(1, n + 1)):
      return False

  for col in range(n):
    if not np.all(np.unique(matrix[:, col]) == np.arange(1, n + 1)):
      return False

  # Return True if the matrix is a Latin square.
  return True


def is_valid_value(matrix, row, value):
  """
  Checks if a value is valid for a given cell in a Latin square.

  Args:
    matrix: The Latin square.
    row: The row of the cell.
    value: The value to check.

  Returns:
    True if the value is valid, False otherwise.
  """

  # Check if the value is already in the row.
  if value in matrix[row, :]:
    return False

  # Check if the value is already in the column.
  if value in matrix[:, row]:
    return False

  # Return True if the value is valid.
  return True


# Find all Latin squares of order 3.
latin_squares = find_latin_squares(3)

# Print all Latin squares.
for latin_square in latin_squares:
  print(latin_square)