动手学数据分析_第二章:第二节:数据重构

复习：在前面我们已经学习了Pandas基础，第二章我们开始进入数据分析的业务部分，在第二章第一节的内容中，我们学习了数据的清洗，这一部分十分重要，只有数据变得相对干净，我们之后对数据的分析才可以更有力。而这一节，我们要做的是数据重构，数据重构依旧属于数据理解（准备）的范围。

开始之前，导入numpy、pandas包和数据

# 导入基本库
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np

# 载入data文件中的:train-left-up.csv
df = pd.read_csv('./data/train-left-up.csv')
df.head()

	PassengerId	Survived	Pclass	Name
0	1	0	3	Braund, Mr. Owen Harris
1	2	1	1	Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th...
2	3	1	3	Heikkinen, Miss. Laina
3	4	1	1	Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel)
4	5	0	3	Allen, Mr. William Henry

2 第二章：数据重构1

2.4 数据的合并

2.4.1 任务一：将data文件夹里面的所有数据都载入，观察数据的之间的关系

#写入代码
text_left_up = pd.read_csv("data/train-left-up.csv")
text_left_down = pd.read_csv("data/train-left-down.csv")
text_right_up = pd.read_csv("data/train-right-up.csv")
text_right_down = pd.read_csv("data/train-right-down.csv")

text_left_up

	PassengerId	Survived	Pclass	Name
0	1	0	3	Braund, Mr. Owen Harris
1	2	1	1	Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th...
2	3	1	3	Heikkinen, Miss. Laina
3	4	1	1	Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel)
4	5	0	3	Allen, Mr. William Henry
...	...	...	...	...
434	435	0	1	Silvey, Mr. William Baird
435	436	1	1	Carter, Miss. Lucile Polk
436	437	0	3	Ford, Miss. Doolina Margaret "Daisy"
437	438	1	2	Richards, Mrs. Sidney (Emily Hocking)
438	439	0	1	Fortune, Mr. Mark

439 rows × 4 columns

text_left_down

	PassengerId	Survived	Pclass	Name
0	440	0	2	Kvillner, Mr. Johan Henrik Johannesson
1	441	1	2	Hart, Mrs. Benjamin (Esther Ada Bloomfield)
2	442	0	3	Hampe, Mr. Leon
3	443	0	3	Petterson, Mr. Johan Emil
4	444	1	2	Reynaldo, Ms. Encarnacion
...	...	...	...	...
447	887	0	2	Montvila, Rev. Juozas
448	888	1	1	Graham, Miss. Margaret Edith
449	889	0	3	Johnston, Miss. Catherine Helen "Carrie"
450	890	1	1	Behr, Mr. Karl Howell
451	891	0	3	Dooley, Mr. Patrick

452 rows × 4 columns

text_right_down

	Sex	Age	SibSp	Parch	Ticket	Fare	Cabin	Embarked
0	male	31.0	0	0	C.A. 18723	10.500	NaN	S
1	female	45.0	1	1	F.C.C. 13529	26.250	NaN	S
2	male	20.0	0	0	345769	9.500	NaN	S
3	male	25.0	1	0	347076	7.775	NaN	S
4	female	28.0	0	0	230434	13.000	NaN	S
...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...
447	male	27.0	0	0	211536	13.000	NaN	S
448	female	19.0	0	0	112053	30.000	B42	S
449	female	NaN	1	2	W./C. 6607	23.450	NaN	S
450	male	26.0	0	0	111369	30.000	C148	C
451	male	32.0	0	0	370376	7.750	NaN	Q

452 rows × 8 columns

text_right_up

	Sex	Age	SibSp	Parch	Ticket	Fare	Cabin	Embarked
0	male	22.0	1	0	A/5 21171	7.2500	NaN	S
1	female	38.0	1	0	PC 17599	71.2833	C85	C
2	female	26.0	0	0	STON/O2. 3101282	7.9250	NaN	S
3	female	35.0	1	0	113803	53.1000	C123	S
4	male	35.0	0	0	373450	8.0500	NaN	S
...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...
434	male	50.0	1	0	13507	55.9000	E44	S
435	female	14.0	1	2	113760	120.0000	B96 B98	S
436	female	21.0	2	2	W./C. 6608	34.3750	NaN	S
437	female	24.0	2	3	29106	18.7500	NaN	S
438	male	64.0	1	4	19950	263.0000	C23 C25 C27	S

439 rows × 8 columns

【提示】结合之前我们加载的train.csv数据，大致预测一下上面的数据是什么

四个表的数据就是train.csv

2.4.2：任务二：使用concat方法：将数据train-left-up.csv和train-right-up.csv横向合并为一张表，并保存这张表为result_up

#写入代码

# axis = 1 : 合并列,行数保持不变 ,默认是0
result_up = pd.concat([text_left_up,text_right_up],axis=1)
result_up

	PassengerId	Survived	Pclass	Name	Sex	Age	SibSp	Parch	Ticket	Fare	Cabin	Embarked
0	1	0	3	Braund, Mr. Owen Harris	male	22.0	1	0	A/5 21171	7.2500	NaN	S
1	2	1	1	Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th...	female	38.0	1	0	PC 17599	71.2833	C85	C
2	3	1	3	Heikkinen, Miss. Laina	female	26.0	0	0	STON/O2. 3101282	7.9250	NaN	S
3	4	1	1	Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel)	female	35.0	1	0	113803	53.1000	C123	S
4	5	0	3	Allen, Mr. William Henry	male	35.0	0	0	373450	8.0500	NaN	S
...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...
434	435	0	1	Silvey, Mr. William Baird	male	50.0	1	0	13507	55.9000	E44	S
435	436	1	1	Carter, Miss. Lucile Polk	female	14.0	1	2	113760	120.0000	B96 B98	S
436	437	0	3	Ford, Miss. Doolina Margaret "Daisy"	female	21.0	2	2	W./C. 6608	34.3750	NaN	S
437	438	1	2	Richards, Mrs. Sidney (Emily Hocking)	female	24.0	2	3	29106	18.7500	NaN	S
438	439	0	1	Fortune, Mr. Mark	male	64.0	1	4	19950	263.0000	C23 C25 C27	S

439 rows × 12 columns

2.4.3 任务三：使用concat方法：将train-left-down和train-right-down横向合并为一张表，并保存这张表为result_down。然后将上边的result_up和result_down纵向合并为result。

#写入代码
list_down=[text_left_down,text_right_down]
result_down = pd.concat(list_down,axis=1)

result = pd.concat([result_up,result_down])
result.shape

(891, 12)

2.4.4 任务四：使用DataFrame自带的方法join方法和append：完成任务二和任务三的任务

#写入代码

result_up = text_left_up.join(text_right_up)
result_down = text_left_down.join(text_right_down)
result = result_up.append(result_down)
result

	PassengerId	Survived	Pclass	Name	Sex	Age	SibSp	Parch	Ticket	Fare	Cabin	Embarked
0	1	0	3	Braund, Mr. Owen Harris	male	22.0	1	0	A/5 21171	7.2500	NaN	S
1	2	1	1	Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th...	female	38.0	1	0	PC 17599	71.2833	C85	C
2	3	1	3	Heikkinen, Miss. Laina	female	26.0	0	0	STON/O2. 3101282	7.9250	NaN	S
3	4	1	1	Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel)	female	35.0	1	0	113803	53.1000	C123	S
4	5	0	3	Allen, Mr. William Henry	male	35.0	0	0	373450	8.0500	NaN	S
...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...
447	887	0	2	Montvila, Rev. Juozas	male	27.0	0	0	211536	13.0000	NaN	S
448	888	1	1	Graham, Miss. Margaret Edith	female	19.0	0	0	112053	30.0000	B42	S
449	889	0	3	Johnston, Miss. Catherine Helen "Carrie"	female	NaN	1	2	W./C. 6607	23.4500	NaN	S
450	890	1	1	Behr, Mr. Karl Howell	male	26.0	0	0	111369	30.0000	C148	C
451	891	0	3	Dooley, Mr. Patrick	male	32.0	0	0	370376	7.7500	NaN	Q

891 rows × 12 columns

2.4.5 任务五：使用Panads的merge方法和DataFrame的append方法：完成任务二和任务三的任务

#写入代码

result_up = pd.merge(text_left_up,text_right_up,left_index=True,right_index=True)
result_down = pd.merge(text_left_down,text_right_down,left_index=True,right_index=True)
result = result_up.append(result_down)
result

	PassengerId	Survived	Pclass	Name	Sex	Age	SibSp	Parch	Ticket	Fare	Cabin	Embarked
0	1	0	3	Braund, Mr. Owen Harris	male	22.0	1	0	A/5 21171	7.2500	NaN	S
1	2	1	1	Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th...	female	38.0	1	0	PC 17599	71.2833	C85	C
2	3	1	3	Heikkinen, Miss. Laina	female	26.0	0	0	STON/O2. 3101282	7.9250	NaN	S
3	4	1	1	Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel)	female	35.0	1	0	113803	53.1000	C123	S
4	5	0	3	Allen, Mr. William Henry	male	35.0	0	0	373450	8.0500	NaN	S
...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...
447	887	0	2	Montvila, Rev. Juozas	male	27.0	0	0	211536	13.0000	NaN	S
448	888	1	1	Graham, Miss. Margaret Edith	female	19.0	0	0	112053	30.0000	B42	S
449	889	0	3	Johnston, Miss. Catherine Helen "Carrie"	female	NaN	1	2	W./C. 6607	23.4500	NaN	S
450	890	1	1	Behr, Mr. Karl Howell	male	26.0	0	0	111369	30.0000	C148	C
451	891	0	3	Dooley, Mr. Patrick	male	32.0	0	0	370376	7.7500	NaN	Q

891 rows × 12 columns

【思考】对比merge、join以及concat的方法的不同以及相同。思考一下在任务四和任务五的情况下，为什么都要求使用DataFrame的append方法，如何只要求使用merge或者join可不可以完成任务四和任务五呢？

2.4.6 任务六：完成的数据保存为result.csv

#写入代码

result.to_csv('result.csv')

2.5 换一种角度看数据

2.5.1 任务一：将我们的数据变为Series类型的数据

#写入代码
text = pd.read_csv('result.csv')
text

	Unnamed: 0	PassengerId	Survived	Pclass	Name	Sex	Age	SibSp	Parch	Ticket	Fare	Cabin	Embarked
0	0	1	0	3	Braund, Mr. Owen Harris	male	22.0	1.0	0.0	A/5 21171	7.2500	NaN	S
1	1	2	1	1	Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th...	female	38.0	1.0	0.0	PC 17599	71.2833	C85	C
2	2	3	1	3	Heikkinen, Miss. Laina	female	26.0	0.0	0.0	STON/O2. 3101282	7.9250	NaN	S
3	3	4	1	1	Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel)	female	35.0	1.0	0.0	113803	53.1000	C123	S
4	4	5	0	3	Allen, Mr. William Henry	male	35.0	0.0	0.0	373450	8.0500	NaN	S
...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...
886	447	887	0	2	Montvila, Rev. Juozas	male	27.0	0.0	0.0	211536	13.0000	NaN	S
887	448	888	1	1	Graham, Miss. Margaret Edith	female	19.0	0.0	0.0	112053	30.0000	B42	S
888	449	889	0	3	Johnston, Miss. Catherine Helen "Carrie"	female	NaN	1.0	2.0	W./C. 6607	23.4500	NaN	S
889	450	890	1	1	Behr, Mr. Karl Howell	male	26.0	0.0	0.0	111369	30.0000	C148	C
890	451	891	0	3	Dooley, Mr. Patrick	male	32.0	0.0	0.0	370376	7.7500	NaN	Q

891 rows × 13 columns

#写入代码

unit_result=text.stack().head(20)
unit_result.head()

0  Unnamed: 0                           0
   PassengerId                          1
   Survived                             0
   Pclass                               3
   Name           Braund, Mr. Owen Harris
dtype: object

test = pd.read_csv('unit_result.csv')
test.head()

	Unnamed: 0	Unnamed: 1	0
0	0	Unnamed: 0	0
1	0	PassengerId	1
2	0	Survived	0
3	0	Pclass	3
4	0	Name	Braund, Mr. Owen Harris

unit_result.to_csv('unit_result_1.csv')

test = pd.read_csv('unit_result_1.csv')
test.head()

	Unnamed: 0	Unnamed: 1	0
0	0	Unnamed: 0	0
1	0	PassengerId	1
2	0	Survived	0
3	0	Pclass	3
4	0	Name	Braund, Mr. Owen Harris

总结

• merge/ join / contact

复习：在前面我们已经学习了Pandas基础，第二章我们开始进入数据分析的业务部分，在第二章第一节的内容中，我们学习了数据的清洗，这一部分十分重要，只有数据变得相对干净，我们之后对数据的分析才可以更有力。而这一节，我们要做的是数据重构，数据重构依旧属于数据理解（准备）的范围。

开始之前，导入numpy、pandas包和数据

# 导入基本库
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np

# 载入上一个任务人保存的文件中:result.csv，并查看这个文件
df = pd.read_csv("result.csv")
print(df.shape)
df.head()

(891, 13)

	Unnamed: 0	PassengerId	Survived	Pclass	Name	Sex	Age	SibSp	Parch	Ticket	Fare	Cabin	Embarked
0	0	1	0	3	Braund, Mr. Owen Harris	male	22.0	1.0	0.0	A/5 21171	7.2500	NaN	S
1	1	2	1	1	Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th...	female	38.0	1.0	0.0	PC 17599	71.2833	C85	C
2	2	3	1	3	Heikkinen, Miss. Laina	female	26.0	0.0	0.0	STON/O2. 3101282	7.9250	NaN	S
3	3	4	1	1	Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel)	female	35.0	1.0	0.0	113803	53.1000	C123	S
4	4	5	0	3	Allen, Mr. William Henry	male	35.0	0.0	0.0	373450	8.0500	NaN	S

2 第二章：数据重构2

第一部分：数据聚合与运算

2.6 数据运用

2.6.1 任务一：通过教材《Python for Data Analysis》P303、Google or anything来学习了解GroupBy机制

#写入心得

2.4.2：任务二：计算泰坦尼克号男性与女性的平均票价

# 写入代码

sex_Fare = df['Fare'].groupby(df['Sex']) # 根据性别分组,查看Fare列
means = sex_Fare.mean()
print(type(sex_Fare))
print(type(means))
means

<class 'pandas.core.groupby.generic.SeriesGroupBy'>
<class 'pandas.core.series.Series'>





Sex
female    44.479818
male      25.523893
Name: Fare, dtype: float64

在了解GroupBy机制之后，运用这个机制完成一系列的操作，来达到我们的目的。

下面通过几个任务来熟悉GroupBy机制。

2.4.3：任务三：统计泰坦尼克号中男女的存活人数

# 写入代码

# 这是根据性别分组,查看存活人数,存活人数就是Survived这一列求和
Survived_count_sex = df['Survived'].groupby(df['Sex']).sum()
Survived_count_sex

Sex
female    233
male      109
Name: Survived, dtype: int64

df.groupby(df['Sex']).sum()

	Unnamed: 0	PassengerId	Survived	Pclass	Age	SibSp	Parch	Fare
Sex
female	71374	135343	233	678	7286.00	218.0	204.0	13966.6628
male	126693	262043	109	1379	13919.17	248.0	136.0	14727.2865

# 这是乘客的性别分布
df.groupby(df['Sex']).size() # size() count()是记数  sum()是求和

Sex
female    314
male      577
dtype: int64

2.4.4：任务四：计算客舱不同等级的存活人数

# 写入代码

# 根据客舱划分,对 Survived 求和
df['Survived'].groupby(df['Pclass']).sum()

Pclass
1    136
2     87
3    119
Name: Survived, dtype: int64

【提示：】表中的存活那一栏，可以发现如果还活着记为1，死亡记为0

【思考】从数据分析的角度，上面的统计结果可以得出那些结论

# 这是每个客舱的人数
df['Survived'].groupby(df['Pclass']).size()

Pclass
1    216
2    184
3    491
Name: Survived, dtype: int64

#思考心得 

# 通过 size()得到人数分布 和 sun()得到存活的人数推断:
# 女性的存活比例高于男性
# Pcalss 等级中 级别3中死亡人比例很高

【思考】从任务二到任务三中，这些运算可以通过agg()函数来同时计算。并且可以使用rename函数修改列名。你可以按照提示写出这个过程吗？

#思考心得

# 这个好像并不是
df.groupby('Sex').agg({'Fare':'count','Pclass':'sum'}).rename(columns={'Fare':'mean_fare','Pclass':'count'})

	mean_fare	count
Sex
female	314	678
male	577	1379

2.4.5：任务五：统计在不同等级的票中的不同年龄的船票花费的平均值

# 写入代码

df.groupby(['Pclass','Age'])['Fare'].mean()

Pclass  Age  
1       0.92     151.5500
        2.00     151.5500
        4.00      81.8583
        11.00    120.0000
        14.00    120.0000
                   ...   
3       61.00      6.2375
        63.00      9.5875
        65.00      7.7500
        70.50      7.7500
        74.00      7.7750
Name: Fare, Length: 182, dtype: float64

# 结果同上
df['Fare'].groupby([df['Pclass'],df['Age']]).mean()

Pclass  Age  
1       0.92     151.5500
        2.00     151.5500
        4.00      81.8583
        11.00    120.0000
        14.00    120.0000
                   ...   
3       61.00      6.2375
        63.00      9.5875
        65.00      7.7500
        70.50      7.7500
        74.00      7.7750
Name: Fare, Length: 182, dtype: float64

2.4.6：任务六：将任务二和任务三的数据合并，并保存到sex_fare_survived.csv

# 写入代码
result = pd.merge(means,Survived_count_sex,on='Sex') # merge按照sex列进行合并
result

	Fare	Survived
Sex
female	44.479818	233
male	25.523893	109

2.4.7：任务七：得出不同年龄的总的存活人数，然后找出存活人数的最高的年龄，最后计算存活人数最高的存活率（存活人数/总人数）

# 写入代码

# 不同年龄总的存活人数 : 对年龄Groupby
survived_age = df['Survived'].groupby(df['Age']).sum()
survived_age

Age
0.42     1
0.67     1
0.75     2
0.83     2
0.92     1
        ..
70.00    0
70.50    0
71.00    0
74.00    0
80.00    1
Name: Survived, Length: 88, dtype: int64

# 写入代码

# 找出存活人数最高的年龄
# 这个是值 survived_age.values 
survived_age[survived_age.values==survived_age.max()]

Age
24.0    15
Name: Survived, dtype: int64

# 写入代码

# 24岁的存活的人数占总存活人数的比例
print(survived_age.max() / df['Survived'].sum())
# 存活人数占总人数的比例

df['Survived'].sum() / df['Survived'].count()

0.043859649122807015





0.3838383838383838

本节总结

• 1. groupby()的使用
  • df.groupby()
  • df[’’].groupby()