Java集合框架结构图
通过以上集合框架图我们可以发现，Collection接口主要有List接口，set接口，Queue接口，而list（元素按进入先后有序保存，可重复）下面经常使用的有：
-
LinkedList 接口实现类， 链表， 插入删除， 没有同步， 线程不安全
- ArrayList 接口实现类， 数组， 随机访问， 没有同步， 线程不安全
- Vector 接口实现类 数组， 同步， 线程安全
- Stack 是Vector类的实现类
而set（不可重复，并做内部排序）接口下面有：
- HashSet 使用hash表（数组）存储元素，底层数据结构采用哈希表实现，元素无序且元素不可重复，线程不安全，效率高，可以存储null元素，元素的唯一性是靠所存储元素类型是否重写hashCode()和equals()方法来保证的，如果没有重写这两个方法，则无法保证元素的唯一性。
- LinkedHashSet 链表维护元素的插入次序，底层数据结构采用链表和哈希表共同实现，链表保证了元素的顺序与存储顺序一致，哈希表保证了元素的唯一性。线程不安全，效率高。
- TreeSet 底层实现为二叉树，元素排好序
LinkedList 接口详解
LinkedList底层数据结构是链表，相信链表大家都知道，因为需要一个个遍历，所以查询慢，但是，顺序访问效率会很高，随机访问效率会很低。LinkedList增删快，线程不安全，效率高，可以存储重复元素。与ArrayList 相比，LinkedList 的增加和删除对操作效率更高，而查找和修改的操作效率较低。
链表（Linked list）是一种常见的基础数据结构，是一种线性表，但是并不会按线性的顺序存储数据，而是在每一个节点里存到下一个节点的地址，链表可分为单向链表和双向链表。而LinkedList是通过双向链表实现的
LinkedList源码
public class LinkedList<E> extends AbstractSequentialList<E>
implements List<E>, Deque<E>, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable
{
private transient Entry<E> header = new Entry<E>(null, null, null);
private transient int size = 0;
public LinkedList() {
header.next = header.previous = header;
}
public LinkedList(Collection<? extends E> c) {
this();
addAll(c);
}
public E getFirst() {
if (size==0)
throw new NoSuchElementException();
return header.next.element;
}
public E getLast() {
if (size==0)
throw new NoSuchElementException();
return header.previous.element;
}
public E removeFirst() {
return remove(header.next);
}
public E removeLast() {
return remove(header.previous);
}
public void addFirst(E e) {
addBefore(e, header.next);
}
public void addLast(E e) {
addBefore(e, header);
}
public boolean contains(Object o) {
return indexOf(o) != -1;
}
public int size() {
return size;
}
public boolean add(E e) {
addBefore(e, header);
return true;
}
public boolean remove(Object o) {
if (o==null) {
for (Entry<E> e = header.next; e != header; e = e.next) {
if (e.element==null) {
remove(e);
return true;
}
}
} else {
for (Entry<E> e = header.next; e != header; e = e.next) {
if (o.equals(e.element)) {
remove(e);
return true;
}
}
}
return false;
}
public boolean addAll(Collection<? extends E> c) {
return addAll(size, c);
}
public boolean addAll(int index, Collection<? extends E> c) {
if (index < 0 || index > size)
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("Index: "+index+
", Size: "+size);
Object[] a = c.toArray();
int numNew = a.length;
if (numNew==0)
return false;
modCount++;
Entry<E> successor = (index==size ? header : entry(index));
Entry<E> predecessor = successor.previous;
for (int i=0; i<numNew; i++) {
Entry<E> e = new Entry<E>((E)a[i], successor, predecessor);
predecessor.next = e;
predecessor = e;
}
successor.previous = predecessor;
size += numNew;
return true;
}
public void clear() {
Entry<E> e = header.next;
while (e != header) {
Entry<E> next = e.next;
e.next = e.previous = null;
e.element = null;
e = next;
}
header.next = header.previous = header;
size = 0;
modCount++;
}
public E get(int index) {
return entry(index).element;
}
public E set(int index, E element) {
Entry<E> e = entry(index);
E oldVal = e.element;
e.element = element;
return oldVal;
}
public void add(int index, E element) {
addBefore(element, (index==size ? header : entry(index)));
}
public E remove(int index) {
return remove(entry(index));
}
private Entry<E> entry(int index) {
if (index < 0 || index >= size)
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("Index: "+index+
", Size: "+size);
Entry<E> e = header;
if (index < (size >> 1)) {
for (int i = 0; i <= index; i++)
e = e.next;
} else {
for (int i = size; i > index; i--)
e = e.previous;
}
return e;
}
public int indexOf(Object o) {
int index = 0;
if (o==null) {
for (Entry e = header.next; e != header; e = e.next) {
if (e.element==null)
return index;
index++;
}
} else {
for (Entry e = header.next; e != header; e = e.next) {
if (o.equals(e.element))
return index;
index++;
}
}
return -1;
}
public int lastIndexOf(Object o) {
int index = size;
if (o==null) {
for (Entry e = header.previous; e != header; e = e.previous) {
index--;
if (e.element==null)
return index;
}
} else {
for (Entry e = header.previous; e != header; e = e.previous) {
index--;
if (o.equals(e.element))
return index;
}
}
return -1;
}
public E peek() {
if (size==0)
return null;
return getFirst();
}
public E element() {
return getFirst();
}
public E poll() {
if (size==0)
return null;
return removeFirst();
}
public E remove() {
return removeFirst();
}
public boolean offer(E e) {
return add(e);
}
// Deque operations
/**
* Inserts the specified element at the front of this list.
*
* @param e the element to insert
* @return <tt>true</tt> (as specified by {@link Deque#offerFirst})
* @since 1.6
*/
public boolean offerFirst(E e) {
addFirst(e);
return true;
}
/**
* Inserts the specified element at the end of this list.
*
* @param e the element to insert
* @return <tt>true</tt> (as specified by {@link Deque#offerLast})
* @since 1.6
*/
public boolean offerLast(E e) {
addLast(e);
return true;
}
/**
* Retrieves, but does not remove, the first element of this list,
* or returns <tt>null</tt> if this list is empty.
*
* @return the first element of this list, or <tt>null</tt>
* if this list is empty
* @since 1.6
*/
public E peekFirst() {
if (size==0)
return null;
return getFirst();
}
/**
* Retrieves, but does not remove, the last element of this list,
* or returns <tt>null</tt> if this list is empty.
*
* @return the last element of this list, or <tt>null</tt>
* if this list is empty
* @since 1.6
*/
public E peekLast() {
if (size==0)
return null;
return getLast();
}
/**
* Retrieves and removes the first element of this list,
* or returns <tt>null</tt> if this list is empty.
*
* @return the first element of this list, or <tt>null</tt> if
* this list is empty
* @since 1.6
*/
public E pollFirst() {
if (size==0)
return null;
return removeFirst();
}
/**
* Retrieves and removes the last element of this list,
* or returns <tt>null</tt> if this list is empty.
*
* @return the last element of this list, or <tt>null</tt> if
* this list is empty
* @since 1.6
*/
public E pollLast() {
if (size==0)
return null;
return removeLast();
}
/**
* Pushes an element onto the stack represented by this list. In other
* words, inserts the element at the front of this list.
*
* <p>This method is equivalent to {@link #addFirst}.
*
* @param e the element to push
* @since 1.6
*/
public void push(E e) {
addFirst(e);
}
/**
* Pops an element from the stack represented by this list. In other
* words, removes and returns the first element of this list.
*
* <p>This method is equivalent to {@link #removeFirst()}.
*
* @return the element at the front of this list (which is the top
* of the stack represented by this list)
* @throws NoSuchElementException if this list is empty
* @since 1.6
*/
public E pop() {
return removeFirst();
}
/**
* Removes the first occurrence of the specified element in this
* list (when traversing the list from head to tail). If the list
* does not contain the element, it is unchanged.
*
* @param o element to be removed from this list, if present
* @return <tt>true</tt> if the list contained the specified element
* @since 1.6
*/
public boolean removeFirstOccurrence(Object o) {
return remove(o);
}
/**
* Removes the last occurrence of the specified element in this
* list (when traversing the list from head to tail). If the list
* does not contain the element, it is unchanged.
*
* @param o element to be removed from this list, if present
* @return <tt>true</tt> if the list contained the specified element
* @since 1.6
*/
public boolean removeLastOccurrence(Object o) {
if (o==null) {
for (Entry<E> e = header.previous; e != header; e = e.previous) {
if (e.element==null) {
remove(e);
return true;
}
}
} else {
for (Entry<E> e = header.previous; e != header; e = e.previous) {
if (o.equals(e.element)) {
remove(e);
return true;
}
}
}
return false;
}
/**
* Returns a list-iterator of the elements in this list (in proper
* sequence), starting at the specified position in the list.
* Obeys the general contract of <tt>List.listIterator(int)</tt>.<p>
*
* The list-iterator is <i>fail-fast</i>: if the list is structurally
* modified at any time after the Iterator is created, in any way except
* through the list-iterator's own <tt>remove</tt> or <tt>add</tt>
* methods, the list-iterator will throw a
* <tt>ConcurrentModificationException</tt>. Thus, in the face of
* concurrent modification, the iterator fails quickly and cleanly, rather
* than risking arbitrary, non-deterministic behavior at an undetermined
* time in the future.
*
* @param index index of the first element to be returned from the
* list-iterator (by a call to <tt>next</tt>)
* @return a ListIterator of the elements in this list (in proper
* sequence), starting at the specified position in the list
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
* @see List#listIterator(int)
*/
public ListIterator<E> listIterator(int index) {
return new ListItr(index);
}
private class ListItr implements ListIterator<E> {
private Entry<E> lastReturned = header;
private Entry<E> next;
private int nextIndex;
private int expectedModCount = modCount;
ListItr(int index) {
if (index < 0 || index > size)
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("Index: "+index+
", Size: "+size);
if (index < (size >> 1)) {
next = header.next;
for (nextIndex=0; nextIndex<index; nextIndex++)
next = next.next;
} else {
next = header;
for (nextIndex=size; nextIndex>index; nextIndex--)
next = next.previous;
}
}
public boolean hasNext() {
return nextIndex != size;
}
public E next() {
checkForComodification();
if (nextIndex == size)
throw new NoSuchElementException();
lastReturned = next;
next = next.next;
nextIndex++;
return lastReturned.element;
}
public boolean hasPrevious() {
return nextIndex != 0;
}
public E previous() {
if (nextIndex == 0)
throw new NoSuchElementException();
lastReturned = next = next.previous;
nextIndex--;
checkForComodification();
return lastReturned.element;
}
public int nextIndex() {
return nextIndex;
}
public int previousIndex() {
return nextIndex-1;
}
public void remove() {
checkForComodification();
Entry<E> lastNext = lastReturned.next;
try {
LinkedList.this.remove(lastReturned);
} catch (NoSuchElementException e) {
throw new IllegalStateException();
}
if (next==lastReturned)
next = lastNext;
else
nextIndex--;
lastReturned = header;
expectedModCount++;
}
public void set(E e) {
if (lastReturned == header)
throw new IllegalStateException();
checkForComodification();
lastReturned.element = e;
}
public void add(E e) {
checkForComodification();
lastReturned = header;
addBefore(e, next);
nextIndex++;
expectedModCount++;
}
final void checkForComodification() {
if (modCount != expectedModCount)
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
}
}
private static class Entry<E> {
E element;
Entry<E> next;
Entry<E> previous;
Entry(E element, Entry<E> next, Entry<E> previous) {
this.element = element;
this.next = next;
this.previous = previous;
}
}
private Entry<E> addBefore(E e, Entry<E> entry) {
Entry<E> newEntry = new Entry<E>(e, entry, entry.previous);
newEntry.previous.next = newEntry;
newEntry.next.previous = newEntry;
size++;
modCount++;
return newEntry;
}
private E remove(Entry<E> e) {
if (e == header)
throw new NoSuchElementException();
E result = e.element;
e.previous.next = e.next;
e.next.previous = e.previous;
e.next = e.previous = null;
e.element = null;
size--;
modCount++;
return result;
}
/**
* @since 1.6
*/
public Iterator<E> descendingIterator() {
return new DescendingIterator();
}
/** Adapter to provide descending iterators via ListItr.previous */
private class DescendingIterator implements Iterator {
final ListItr itr = new ListItr(size());
public boolean hasNext() {
return itr.hasPrevious();
}
public E next() {
return itr.previous();
}
public void remove() {
itr.remove();
}
}
/**
* Returns a shallow copy of this <tt>LinkedList</tt>. (The elements
* themselves are not cloned.)
*
* @return a shallow copy of this <tt>LinkedList</tt> instance
*/
public Object clone() {
LinkedList<E> clone = null;
try {
clone = (LinkedList<E>) super.clone();
} catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) {
throw new InternalError();
}
// Put clone into "virgin" state
clone.header = new Entry<E>(null, null, null);
clone.header.next = clone.header.previous = clone.header;
clone.size = 0;
clone.modCount = 0;
// Initialize clone with our elements
for (Entry<E> e = header.next; e != header; e = e.next)
clone.add(e.element);
return clone;
}
/**
* Returns an array containing all of the elements in this list
* in proper sequence (from first to last element).
*
* <p>The returned array will be "safe" in that no references to it are
* maintained by this list. (In other words, this method must allocate
* a new array). The caller is thus free to modify the returned array.
*
* <p>This method acts as bridge between array-based and collection-based
* APIs.
*
* @return an array containing all of the elements in this list
* in proper sequence
*/
public Object[] toArray() {
Object[] result = new Object[size];
int i = 0;
for (Entry<E> e = header.next; e != header; e = e.next)
result[i++] = e.element;
return result;
}
/**
* Returns an array containing all of the elements in this list in
* proper sequence (from first to last element); the runtime type of
* the returned array is that of the specified array. If the list fits
* in the specified array, it is returned therein. Otherwise, a new
* array is allocated with the runtime type of the specified array and
* the size of this list.
*/
public <T> T[] toArray(T[] a) {
if (a.length < size)
a = (T[])java.lang.reflect.Array.newInstance(
a.getClass().getComponentType(), size);
int i = 0;
Object[] result = a;
for (Entry<E> e = header.next; e != header; e = e.next)
result[i++] = e.element;
if (a.length > size)
a[size] = null;
return a;
}
private static final long serialVersionUID = 876323262645176354L;
/**
* Save the state of this <tt>LinkedList</tt> instance to a stream (that
* is, serialize it).
*
* @serialData The size of the list (the number of elements it
* contains) is emitted (int), followed by all of its
* elements (each an Object) in the proper order.
*/
private void writeObject(java.io.ObjectOutputStream s)
throws java.io.IOException {
// Write out any hidden serialization magic
s.defaultWriteObject();
// Write out size
s.writeInt(size);
// Write out all elements in the proper order.
for (Entry e = header.next; e != header; e = e.next)
s.writeObject(e.element);
}
/**
* Reconstitute this <tt>LinkedList</tt> instance from a stream (that is
* deserialize it).
*/
private void readObject(java.io.ObjectInputStream s)
throws java.io.IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
// Read in any hidden serialization magic
s.defaultReadObject();
// Read in size
int size = s.readInt();
// Initialize header
header = new Entry<E>(null, null, null);
header.next = header.previous = header;
// Read in all elements in the proper order.
for (int i=0; i<size; i++)
addBefore((E)s.readObject(), header);
}
}
通过源码可以发现：
- LinkedList继承于AbstractSequentialList的双向链表，它可以被当做堆，栈，队列或者双端队列进行操作。
- LinkedList实现了List接口，可以对它进行队列操作
- LinkedList实现了Deque接口，可以对它进行双端队列操作
- LinkedList 实现了Cloneable接口，即覆盖了函数clone()，能克隆。
- LinkedList 实现java.io.Serializable接口，这意味着LinkedList支持序列化，能通过序列化去传输。
并发时使用LinkedList
由于，linkedList不是线程安全的，所以在jdk1.8的Api中有一段这样的话：
如果多个线程同时访问列表，并且至少有一个线程在结构上修改列表，则必须在外部进行同步。 （结构修改是添加或删除一个或多个元素的任何操作;仅设置元素的值不是结构修改。）这通常通过在自然封装列表的对象上进行同步来实现。 如果没有这样的对象存在，列表应该使用Collections.synchronizedList方法“包装”。 这最好在创建时完成，以防止意外的不同步访问列表：List list = Collections.synchronizedList(new LinkedList(...));
ArrayList和LinkedList的区别
- 从线程安全的方面来说，这两个都不能线程安全的
- ArrayList 的底层使用的是数组，而LinkedList底层是双向链表数据结构。
- ArrayList是底层是数组，可以快速随机访问，通过坐标就可以快速定位，LinkedList 底层数据结构是双向链表，只能遍历一个个查找
- ArrayList 是数组结构，如果添加/删除的是第i个数据，那么数组中的i之后的所有数据都会向前后移动。而链表结构则不会。所以LinkedList做添加删除快速。
- ArrayList会在尾部预留一定的容量空间，因为如果做添加操作的时候，超出当前数组最大值时，会添加50%的空间，LinkedList的空间花费则体现在它的每一个元素都需要消耗比ArrayList更多的空间（因为要存放直接后继和直接前驱以及数据
- ArrayList容量不够时，由于底层采用的是数组，所以当容量不够时，采用的是动态数组扩容，动态数组的意思就是指底层的数组大小并不是固定的，而是根据添加的元素大小进行一个判断，不够的话就动态扩容方法是，重新创建一个容量比原有数组容量更大的数组，然后将原有数组拷贝至新数组。
- LinkedList没有固定容量，不需要扩容；
- 一般ArrayList优先使用普通for循环。而LinkedList优先选择iterator遍历（foreach遍历底层也是通过iterator实现的），大size的数据，千万不要使用普通for循环
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