目录
1. 什么是线程?
线程(英语:thread)是操作系统能够进行运算调度的最小单位。它被包含在进程之中,是进程中的实际运作单
位。一条线程指的是进程中一个单一顺序的控制流,一个进程中可以并发多个线程,每条线程并行执行不同的任务。在
Unix System V及SunOS中也被称为轻量进程(lightweight processes),但轻量进程更多指内核线程
(kernel thread),而把用户线程(user thread)称为线程。
线程是独立调度和分派的基本单位。线程可以为操作系统内核调度的内核线程,如Win32线程;由用户进程自行调度的用
户线程,如Linux平台的POSIXThread;或者由内核与用户进程,如Windows 7的线程,进行混合调度。
同一进程中的多条线程将共享该进程中的全部系统资源,如虚拟地址空间,文件描述符和信号处理等等。但同一进程中的
多个线程有各自的调用栈(call stack),自己的寄存器环境(register context),自己的线程本地存储
(thread-local storage)。
一个进程可以有很多线程,每条线程并行执行不同的任务。
在多核或多CPU,或支持Hyper-threading的CPU上使用多线程程序设计的好处是显而易见,即提高了程序的执行吞吐
率。在单CPU单核的计算机上,使用多线程技术,也可以把进程中负责I/O处理、人机交互而常被阻塞的部分与密集计算的
部分分开来执行,编写专门的workhorse线程执行密集计算,从而提高了程序的执行效率。
创建线程方式一:
多线程通过继承Thread类实现
package com.Thread.demo01;
/**
* Created with IntelliJ IDEA.
*
* @author : Genius Sue
* @version : 1.0
* @Project : Study
* @Package : com.Thread.demo01
* @ClassName : .java
* @createTime : 2022/8/30 15:57
* @Email : 1420779618@qq.com
* @公众号 :
* @Website :
* @Description :
*/
//创建线程的方式一:继承Thread类,重写run()方法,电泳start()开启线程
//总结:线程开启不一定马上执行,由CPU调度
public class TestThread01 extends Thread {
@Override
public void run() {
//run方法线程体
for (int i = 0; i < 20; i++) {
System.out.println("我在看代码---"+i);
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
//main线程 , 主线程
//创建一个线程对象
TestThread01 testThread01 = new TestThread01();
//调用start()方法开启线程
testThread01.start();
for (int i = 0; i < 20; i++) {
System.out.println("我在学习多线程---");
}
}
}
创建线程方式二:
重写Runnable实现多线程
package com.Thread.demo01;
/**
* Created with IntelliJ IDEA.
*
* @author : Genius Sue
* @version : 1.0
* @Project : Study
* @Package : com.Thread.demo01
* @ClassName : .java
* @createTime : 2022/8/30 16:52
* @Email : 1420779618@qq.com
* @公众号 :
* @Website :
* @Description :
*/
//创建线程方式2:实现runnable接口,重写run方法,执行线程需要丢入runnable接口实现,调用start方法
public class TestThread03 implements Runnable {
@Override
public void run() {
//run方法线程体
for (int i = 0; i < 20; i++) {
System.out.println("我在看代码---"+i);
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
//创建runnable接口实现类对象
TestThread03 testThread01 = new TestThread03();
//创建线程对象,通过线程对象来开启线程,代理
new Thread(testThread01).start();
for (int i = 0; i < 20; i++) {
System.out.println("我在学习多线程---");
}
}
}
创建线程方式三:
package com.Thread.demo02;
import com.Thread.demo01.TestThread02;
import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.net.URL;
import java.util.concurrent.*;
/**
* Created with IntelliJ IDEA.
*
* @author : Genius Sue
* @version : 1.0
* @Project : Study
* @Package : com.Thread.demo02
* @ClassName : .java
* @createTime : 2022/8/31 9:43
* @Email : 1420779618@qq.com
* @公众号 :
* @Website :
* @Description :
*/
//线程创建方式三:实现callable接口
/*
Callable的好处
1.可以定义返回值
2.可以抛出异常
*/
public class TestCallable implements Callable<Boolean> {
private String url; //网络图片地址
private String name;//保存的文件名
public TestCallable(String url, String name) {
this.url = url;
this.name = name;
}
//下载图片线程的执行体
@Override
public Boolean call() {
WebDownloader webDownloader = new WebDownloader();
webDownloader.downloader(url, name);
System.out.println("下载了文件名为:"+name);
return true;
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {
TestCallable testThread01 = new TestCallable("https://www.keaidian.com/uploads/allimg/190424/24110307_23.jpg","1.jpg");
TestCallable testThread02 = new TestCallable("https://www.keaidian.com/uploads/allimg/190424/24110307_8.jpg","2.jpg");
TestCallable testThread03 = new TestCallable("https://scpic.chinaz.net/files/pic/pic9/201311/apic2098.jpg","3.jpg");
// 创建执行服务
ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(3);
// 提交执行
Future<Boolean> result01=executorService.submit(testThread01);
Future<Boolean> result02=executorService.submit(testThread02);
Future<Boolean> result03=executorService.submit(testThread03);
//获取结果
boolean r1=result01.get();
boolean r2=result02.get();
boolean r3=result03.get();
//关闭服务
executorService.shutdown();
}
}
//下载器
class WebDownloader{
//下载方法
public void downloader(String url,String name)
{
try {
FileUtils.copyURLToFile(new URL(url), new File(name));
} catch (IOException e) {
System.out.println("IO异常,download方法出现异常");
}
}
}
多线程获取图片资源
package com.Thread.demo01;
import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.net.URL;
/**
* Created with IntelliJ IDEA.
*
* @author : Genius Sue
* @version : 1.0
* @Project : Study
* @Package : com.Thread.demo01
* @ClassName : .java
* @createTime : 2022/8/30 16:21
* @Email : 1420779618@qq.com
* @公众号 :
* @Website :
* @Description :
*/
//联系Thread,实现多线程同步下载图片
public class TestThread implements Runnable{
private String url; //网络图片地址
private String name;//保存的文件名
public TestThread(String url, String name) {
this.url = url;
this.name = name;
}
//下载图片线程的执行体
@Override
public void run() {
WebDownloader webDownloader = new WebDownloader();
webDownloader.downloader(url, name);
System.out.println("下载了文件名为:"+name);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
TestThread testThread01 = new TestThread("https://www.keaidian.com/uploads/allimg/190424/24110307_23.jpg","1.jpg");
TestThread testThread02 = new TestThread("https://www.keaidian.com/uploads/allimg/190424/24110307_8.jpg","2.jpg");
TestThread testThread03 = new TestThread("https://scpic.chinaz.net/files/pic/pic9/201311/apic2098.jpg","3.jpg");
new Thread(testThread01).start();
new Thread(testThread02).start();
new Thread(testThread03).start();
// testThread01.start();
// testThread02.start();
// testThread03.start();
}
}
//下载器
class WebDownloader{
//下载方法
public void downloader(String url,String name)
{
try {
FileUtils.copyURLToFile(new URL(url), new File(name));
} catch (IOException e) {
System.out.println("IO异常,download方法出现异常");
}
}
}
2. 多线程并发问题
package com.Thread.demo01;
import sun.security.krb5.internal.Ticket;
/**
* Created with IntelliJ IDEA.
*
* @author : Genius Sue
* @version : 1.0
* @Project : Study
* @Package : com.Thread.demo01
* @ClassName : .java
* @createTime : 2022/8/31 8:59
* @Email : 1420779618@qq.com
* @公众号 :
* @Website :
* @Description :
*/
//多个线程同时操作一个对象
//买火车票的例子
//线程并发问题:多个线程操作同一个资源的情况下,线程不安全,数据紊乱
public class TestThread04 implements Runnable {
int tickNums = 10;//票数
@Override
public void run() {
while (true)
{
if (tickNums<=0)
{
break;
}
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+"拿到了第"+tickNums--+"票");
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
TestThread04 testThread04 = new TestThread04();
new Thread(testThread04,"小明").start();
new Thread(testThread04,"老师").start();
new Thread(testThread04,"黄牛").start();
}
}
案例:
龟兔赛跑
package com.Thread.demo01;
/**
* Created with IntelliJ IDEA.
*
* @author : Genius Sue
* @version : 1.0
* @Project : Study
* @Package : com.Thread.demo01
* @ClassName : .java
* @createTime : 2022/8/31 9:25
* @Email : 1420779618@qq.com
* @公众号 :
* @Website :
* @Description :
*/
//模拟龟兔赛跑
public class Race implements Runnable {
//胜利者
private static String winner;
@Override
public void run() {
for (int i = 0; i <= 1000; i++) {
//模拟兔子休息
if(Thread.currentThread().getName().equals("兔子") && i%10==0)
{
try {
Thread.sleep(1);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
}
}
//判断比赛是否结束
boolean flag=gameOver(i);
//如果比赛结束停止程序
if (flag)
break;
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+"-->跑了"+i+"步");
}
}
private boolean gameOver(int steps){//判断游戏是否结束
//已经有胜利者了
if (winner!=null)
return true;
if (steps==1000)
{
winner = Thread.currentThread().getName();
System.out.println("winner is"+winner);
return true;
}
return false;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Race race = new Race();
new Thread(race,"乌龟").start();
new Thread(race,"兔子").start();
}
}
3. 静态代理
package com.Thread.demo02;
/**
* Created with IntelliJ IDEA.
*
* @author : Genius Sue
* @version : 1.0
* @Project : Study
* @Package : com.Thread.demo02
* @ClassName : .java
* @createTime : 2022/8/31 9:57
* @Email : 1420779618@qq.com
* @公众号 :
* @Website :
* @Description :
*/
public class StaticProxy {
public static void main(String[] args) {
WeddingCompany weddingCompany = new WeddingCompany(new You());
weddingCompany.HappyMarry();
}
}
interface Marry{
//人间四大喜事
//久旱逢甘露
//他乡遇故知
//洞房花烛夜
//金榜题名时
void HappyMarry();
}
//真实角色,你去结婚
class You implements Marry{
@Override
public void HappyMarry() {
System.out.println("要结婚了,超开心");
}
}
//代理对象,帮助你结婚
class WeddingCompany implements Marry{
//代理谁->真实目标角色
private Marry target;
public WeddingCompany(Marry target) {
this.target = target;
}
@Override
public void HappyMarry() {
before();
this.target.HappyMarry();//这就是真实对象
after();
}
private void before() {
System.out.println("结婚之前,布置现场");
}
private void after() {
System.out.println("结婚之后,收尾款");
}
}
静态代理模式总结:
- 真实对象和代理对象都要实现同一个接口
- 代理对象要代理真实角色
- 好处:
- 代理对象可以做很多真实对象做不了的事情
- 真实对象就可以专注做自己的事情
3. Lambda表达式
为什么要使用Lambda表达式
-
避免匿名内部类定义过多
-
可以让代码看起来更简洁
-
去掉一堆没有意义的代码,只留下核心的逻辑
函数式接口的定义:
-
任何接口,如果只包含唯一一个抽象方法,那么他就是一个函数式接口
public interface Runnable{ public abstract void run(); }
-
对于函数式接口我们就可以使用Lambda表达式来创建该接口对象了
发展过程:
package com.lambda;
/**
* Created with IntelliJ IDEA.
*
* @author : Genius Sue
* @version : 1.0
* @Project : Study
* @Package : com.lambda
* @ClassName : .java
* @createTime : 2022/8/31 10:26
* @Email : 1420779618@qq.com
* @公众号 :
* @Website :
* @Description :
*/
/*
推导lambda表达式
*/
public class TestLambda1 {
//3.静态内部类
static class Like2 implements ILike{
@Override
public void lambda() {
System.out.println("I Like lambda2");
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
ILike like = new Like();
like.lambda();
like=new Like2();
like.lambda();
//4.局部内部类
class Like3 implements ILike{
@Override
public void lambda() {
System.out.println("I Like lambda3");
}
}
like = new Like3();
like.lambda();
//5.匿名内部类,没有类的名称,必须借助接口或者父类
like = new ILike() {
@Override
public void lambda() {
System.out.println("I Like lambda4");
}
};
like.lambda();
//6.用lambda简化
like =()-> {System.out.println("I Like lambda5");};
like.lambda();
}
}
//1.定义一个函数式接口
interface ILike{
void lambda();
}
//2.实现类
class Like implements ILike{
@Override
public void lambda() {
System.out.println("I Like lambda");
}
}
4. 线程礼让
-
礼让线程,让当前正在执行的线程暂停,但不阻塞
-
线程从运行状态转化为就绪态
-
礼让不一定成功,看cpu心情
测试礼让线程
package com.Thread.state;
/**
* Created with IntelliJ IDEA.
*
* @author : Genius Sue
* @version : 1.0
* @Project : Study
* @Package : com.Thread.state
* @ClassName : .java
* @createTime : 2022/9/1 8:52
* @Email : 1420779618@qq.com
* @公众号 :
* @Website :
* @Description :
*/
public class TestYield {
public static void main(String[] args) {
MyYield myYield = new MyYield();
new Thread(myYield,"a").start();
new Thread(myYield,"b").start();
}
}
class MyYield implements Runnable{
@Override
public void run() {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+"线程开始执行");
Thread.yield();//礼让
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+"线程停止执行");
}
}
6. 线程强制执行
package com.Thread.state;
/**
* Created with IntelliJ IDEA.
*
* @author : Genius Sue
* @version : 1.0
* @Project : Study
* @Package : com.Thread.state
* @ClassName : .java
* @createTime : 2022/9/1 8:59
* @Email : 1420779618@qq.com
* @公众号 :
* @Website :
* @Description :
*/
//测试join方法->想象为插队
public class TestJoin implements Runnable{
@Override
public void run() {
for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
System.out.println("线程vip来了");
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
//启动线程
TestJoin testJoin = new TestJoin();
Thread thread = new Thread(testJoin);
thread.start();
//主线程
for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
if (i==200)
{
thread.join();//插队
}
System.out.println("main"+i);
}
}
}
7. 线程状态观测
-
线程状态。线程可以处于以下状态之一:
- NEW
尚未启动的线程处于此状态。 - RUNNABLE
在Java虚拟机中执行的线程处于此状态。 - BLOCKED
被阻塞等待监视器锁定的线程处于此状态。 - WAITING
正在等待另一个线程执行特定动作的线程处于此状态。 - TIMED_WAITING
正在等待另一个线程执行动作达到指定等待时间的线程处于此状态。 - TERMINATED
已退出的线程处于此状态。
一个线程可以在给定时间点处于一个状态。 这些状态是不反映任何操作系统线程状态的虚拟机状态
- NEW
package com.Thread.state;
/**
* Created with IntelliJ IDEA.
*
* @author : Genius Sue
* @version : 1.0
* @Project : Study
* @Package : com.Thread.state
* @ClassName : .java
* @createTime : 2022/9/1 9:10
* @Email : 1420779618@qq.com
* @公众号 :
* @Website :
* @Description :
*/
//观察测试线程状态
public class TestState {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Thread thread = new Thread(()->{
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
try {
Thread.sleep(1000);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
throw new RuntimeException(e);
}
}
System.out.println("/");
});
//观察状态
Thread.State state = thread.getState();
System.out.println(state);//new
//观察启动后
thread.start();//启动线程
state = thread.getState();
System.out.println(state);//run
while (state != Thread.State.TERMINATED)
{//只要线程不终止就一直输出状态
try {
Thread.sleep(100);
state = thread.getState();
System.out.println(state);//输出状态
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
throw new RuntimeException(e);
}
}
}
}
8. 线程的优先级
优先级低只是意味着被CPU调度的概率低,并不是优先级低就不会被调度了
package com.Thread.state;
/**
* Created with IntelliJ IDEA.
*
* @author : Genius Sue
* @version : 1.0
* @Project : Study
* @Package : com.Thread.state
* @ClassName : .java
* @createTime : 2022/9/1 9:18
* @Email : 1420779618@qq.com
* @公众号 :
* @Website :
* @Description :
*/
//测试线程的优先级
public class TestPriority {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//主线程优先级
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+"-->"+Thread.currentThread().getPriority());
MyPriority myPriority = new MyPriority();
Thread thread1 = new Thread(myPriority);
Thread thread2 = new Thread(myPriority);
Thread thread3 = new Thread(myPriority);
Thread thread4 = new Thread(myPriority);
Thread thread5 = new Thread(myPriority);
Thread thread6 = new Thread(myPriority);
//先设置优先级再启动
thread1.start();
thread2.setPriority(1);
thread2.start();
thread3.setPriority(4);
thread3.start();
thread3.setPriority(Thread.MAX_PRIORITY);
thread4.start();
thread5.start();
thread6.start();
}
}
class MyPriority implements Runnable{
@Override
public void run() {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+"-->"+Thread.currentThread().getPriority());
}
}
9. 守护线程
- 线程分为用户线程和守护线程
package com.Thread.state;
/**
* Created with IntelliJ IDEA.
*
* @author : Genius Sue
* @version : 1.0
* @Project : Study
* @Package : com.Thread.state
* @ClassName : .java
* @createTime : 2022/9/1 9:28
* @Email : 1420779618@qq.com
* @公众号 :
* @Website :
* @Description :
*/
//测试守护线程
//上帝守护你
public class TestDaemon {
public static void main(String[] args) {
God god = new God();
You you = new You();
Thread thread = new Thread(god);
thread.setDaemon(true);//默认是false,表示是用户线程,正常的线程都是用户线程
thread.start();
new Thread(you).start();
}
}
//上帝
class God implements Runnable{
@Override
public void run() {
while (true)
{
System.out.println("上帝保佑着你");
}
}
}
//你
class You implements Runnable{
@Override
public void run() {
for (int i = 0; i < 36500; i++) {
System.out.println("你一生都开心的活着");
}
System.out.println("======Godbye World======");//Hello World
}
}
10. 线程同步
并发:多个线程操作同一个资源
三大不安全案例:
package com.Thread.syn;
import java.io.OutputStream;
import java.util.TreeMap;
/**
* Created with IntelliJ IDEA.
*
* @author : Genius Sue
* @version : 1.0
* @Project : Study
* @Package : com.Thread.syn
* @ClassName : .java
* @createTime : 2022/9/1 9:59
* @Email : 1420779618@qq.com
* @公众号 :
* @Website :
* @Description :
*/
//不安全的取钱
//两个人去银行取钱
public class UnsafeBank {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//账户
Accout accout=new Accout(100,"结婚基金");
Drawing you = new Drawing(accout, 50, "你");
Drawing girlfriend = new Drawing(accout, 100, "你的对象");
you.start();
girlfriend.start();
}
}
//账户
class Accout{
int money;
String name;
public Accout(int money, String name) {
this.money = money;
this.name = name;
}
}
//银行
class Drawing extends Thread{
Accout accout;//账户
int drawingMoney;//取了有多少钱
int nowMoney;//现在手里有多少钱
public Drawing(Accout accout,int drawingMoney, String name){
super(name);
this.accout=accout;
this.drawingMoney=drawingMoney;
}
//取钱
@Override
public void run() {
//判断有没有钱
if (accout.money-drawingMoney<0)
{
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+"钱不够取不了");
return;
}
//放大问题的发生
try {
Thread.sleep(1000);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
throw new RuntimeException(e);
}
//卡内余额
accout.money=accout.money-drawingMoney;
//你手里的钱
nowMoney=nowMoney+drawingMoney;
System.out.println(accout.name+"余额为"+accout.money);
System.out.println(this.getName()+"手里的钱"+nowMoney);
}
}
package com.Thread.syn;
import jdk.nashorn.internal.ir.ReturnNode;
/**
* Created with IntelliJ IDEA.
*
* @author : Genius Sue
* @version : 1.0
* @Project : Study
* @Package : com.Thread.syn
* @ClassName : .java
* @createTime : 2022/9/1 9:48
* @Email : 1420779618@qq.com
* @公众号 :
* @Website :
* @Description :
*/
//不安全的买票
//线程不安全,有负数
public class UnsafeBuyTicket {
public static void main(String[] args) {
BuyTicket station = new BuyTicket();
new Thread(station,"苦逼的我").start();
new Thread(station,"牛逼的你们").start();
new Thread(station,"可恶的黄牛党").start();
}
}
class BuyTicket implements Runnable{
private int TicketNums=10;
private boolean flag=true;//外部停止方式
@Override
public void run() {
//买票
while (flag)
{
try {
buy();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
throw new RuntimeException(e);
}
}
}
private void buy() throws InterruptedException {
//判断是否有票
if (TicketNums<=0)
{
flag=false;
return;
}
//模拟延迟
Thread.sleep(100);
//买票
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+"拿到了第"+(TicketNums--)+"张票"
);
}
}
package com.Thread.syn;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
/**
* Created with IntelliJ IDEA.
*
* @author : Genius Sue
* @version : 1.0
* @Project : Study
* @Package : com.Thread.syn
* @ClassName : .java
* @createTime : 2022/9/1 10:23
* @Email : 1420779618@qq.com
* @公众号 :
* @Website :
* @Description :
*/
//线程不安全的集合
public class UnsafeList {
public static void main(String[] args) {
List<String> list=new ArrayList<String>();
for (int i = 0; i < 10000; i++) {
new Thread(()-> {
list.add(Thread.currentThread().getName());
}).start();
}
System.out.println(list.size());
}
}
同步方法
- synchronized
package com.Thread.syn;
//不安全的买票
//线程不安全,有负数
public class UnsafeBuyTicket {
public static void main(String[] args) {
BuyTicket station = new BuyTicket();
new Thread(station,"苦逼的我").start();
new Thread(station,"牛逼的你们").start();
new Thread(station,"可恶的黄牛党").start();
}
}
class BuyTicket implements Runnable{
private int TicketNums=10;
private boolean flag=true;//外部停止方式
@Override
public void run() {
//买票
while (flag)
{
try {
buy();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
throw new RuntimeException(e);
}
}
}
//synchronized 同步方法
private synchronized void buy() throws InterruptedException {
//判断是否有票
if (TicketNums<=0)
{
flag=false;
return;
}
//模拟延迟
Thread.sleep(100);
//买票
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+"拿到了第"+(TicketNums--)+"张票"
);
}
}