关于路由发现、路由选择、拥挤控制、网络互连等
ps:网络层不是链接计算机的具体物理设备或负责信号传输的具体媒体
单位:分组
协议:IP、ICMP、RIP、OSFF、BCP、IGMP
协议
ICMP(Internet Control Message Protocol)
因特网控制报文协议
状态检测,差错报告
ARP(Address Resolution Protocol)
地址解析协议
作用:根据ip地址,查mac地址
DHCP动态主机配置协议
不需要人的参与,自动给计算机配置参数(前提:有dhcp服务器的存在)
IP(Internet Protocol)
因特网互联协议
RARP(Reverse Address Resolution Protocol)
逆地址解析协议
路由选择算法 routing algorithms
flooding:
distance vector routing:router has a table
problem:count-to-infinity problem
link state routing:
拥塞控制congestion control
目的:为了一对一通信中保护接收方
traffic-aware routing
路由器要自己调节
会发生震荡
traffic throttling
load shedding
internetworking
各种网络的物理层和数据链路层不同
based on a common network layer——IP
internet protocol
特点:无连接,不可靠,最大努力
ipv4 datagram
consist of a header and a body
header:20-byte fixed part and optional part
df:是否分组
mf:是否有下一个分组
fragment offset:距离头字节的距离,单位是8-byte(被分成8-byte的整数倍)
ip地址:主要是路由器的数据链路层用,在不同网络之间,基本不变
mac地址:在一个网络里用,不可跨越网络,主要在物理层中用
特殊的ip地址:
全是1:广播
全是0:表示自己
subnet子网
subnet mask子网掩码
aggregation聚合
把多个c类网络聚合,形成超网()
CIDR(classless inter-domain routing )
NAT(network address translation)
名词解释
路由(routing)
is the process of discovering network path
sits between (different) networks and forwards data packet between computer network
network layer
environment
a host with a packet to send transmits it to the nearest router
the packet is stored and forwarded to the next router along the path until it
connectionless service(无连接服务)
no advance setup is needed.
connection-oriented service(面向链接服务)
VC(virtual circuit)