CS 61A 2020 fall Lab 2: Higher-Order Functions, Lambda Expressions

Q1: WWPD: Lambda the Free

>>> lambda x: x  # A lambda expression with one parameter x

<function <lambda> at ...>
______

>>> a = lambda x: x  # Assigning the lambda function to the name a
>>> a(5)

5
______

>>> (lambda: 3)()  # Using a lambda expression as an operator in a call exp.

3
______

>>> b = lambda x: lambda: x  # Lambdas can return other lambdas!
>>> c = b(88)
>>> c

<function <lambda> at ...>
______

>>> c()

88
______

>>> d = lambda f: f(4)  # They can have functions as arguments as well.
>>> def square(x):
...     return x * x
>>> d(square)

16
______

>>> x = None # remember to review the rules of WWPD given above!
>>> x
>>> lambda x: x


None
______

>>> z = 3
>>> e = lambda x: lambda y: lambda: x + y + z
>>> e(0)(1)()

4
______

>>> f = lambda z: x + z
>>> f(3)

NameError: name 'x' is not defined
______

>>> higher_order_lambda = lambda f: lambda x: f(x)
>>> g = lambda x: x * x
>>> higher_order_lambda(2)(g)  # Which argument belongs to which function call?

Error
______

>>> higher_order_lambda(g)(2)

4
______

>>> call_thrice = lambda f: lambda x: f(f(f(x)))
>>> call_thrice(lambda y: y + 1)(0)

3
______

>>> print_lambda = lambda z: print(z)  # When is the return expression of a lambda expression executed?
>>> print_lambda

-
______

>>> one_thousand = print_lambda(1000)

1000
______

>>> one_thousand

N/A
______

---

Q2: WWPD: Higher Order Functions

>>> def even(f):
...     def odd(x):
...         if x < 0:
...             return f(-x)
...         return f(x)
...     return odd
>>> steven = lambda x: x
>>> stewart = even(steven)
>>> stewart

None
______

>>> stewart(61)

None
______

>>> stewart(-4)

None
______

>>> def cake():
...    print('beets')
...    def pie():
...        print('sweets')
...