Lecture[20220228] Notes for Molecular biology-HISTORY:DNA and the Molecular Structure of Chromosomes

you need

to be smart(whatever) & hardworking

Three Essential Functions of the Genetic Material

Mendel: In 1865, he showed that genes transmitted genetic information.

1.genotypic - replication

how DNA to make DNA.

• store genetic information
• accurately transmit that information to offspring

2.phenotypic - gene expression

• control the development of the phenotype(表型)
• dictate(determine) growth from the single-celled zygote(受精卵) to adult

3. evolutionary - mutation

• produce variations. (mutation causes variation. eg. eye color, hair color, etc.)
• allow modifications related to the environment

correlation: transmission of genes & the behavior of chromosomes

• genes are likely located on chromosomes.
• chromosomes are composed of proteins and nucleic acid.
• two types of nucleic acids: deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)

proof: the genetic information is located in DNA

the genetic information is stored in DNA, and there is some evidence.

indirect evidence:

• 双倍体(diploid’s somatic cells)的DNA数量是单倍体(gamete)的两倍 father mother give to their children.
• DNA composition 在所以细胞中都是差不多相同的
• Composition of RNA&protein are variable in different types of cells.
• DNA 更稳定more stable(compared to RNA)

direct evidence:

1928 Frederick Griffith’s work

就是高中所学的格里菲斯实验
1928 Frederick Griffith’s work - pneumococcus - a bacteria that could cause disease.

two types of pneumococcus:
R(rough)型: avirulent 无毒 small absent
S(smooth)型: virulent 有毒 large present

heat-killed type lllS + Living type llR: then got a dead mouse.

1931 In vitro experiments of Richard Sia and Martin Dawson

living R型和heat-killed S型同时培养，子代为S型。
结论：the transforming principle can be conducted in vitro(体外).

1944 Avery,MacLeod & McCarty’s experiment

summary:DNA is the transforming principle.

1952 Works of Alfred Hershey & Martha Chase

前提：

• DNA contains phosphorus but no sulfur, whereas proteins contain sulfur but virtually no phosphorus.
• T2 injected its DNA into E. coli cell

用P 32和S 35标记的噬菌体做实验，看主要的遗传物质在DNA还是在protein。
radioactivity:放射性
labeled phage:被标记的噬菌体

Viral DNA enters the host cell, whereas the protein coat remains outside

Summary: T2噬菌体舍弃了蛋白质外壳，将DNA注入了大肠杆菌内部，then contrifuge，大肠杆菌会在下面沉淀，这时不同放射性就会在不同层：P是DNA特有的，实验现象在下层，说明DNA在大肠杆菌里，protein的S在上层，根本没有到宿主细胞内部，因此不是遗传物质，DNA才是。
Genetic information necessary for viral reproduction was present in DNA

RNA stores the genetic information in some viruses

• some viruses have(contain) RNA and protein but no DNA.

proof:1957 Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat & coworkers

reconstitution(复原) of tobacco mosaic virus (TWV) 烟草花叶病毒
把两个品种的TWV分别分离出RNA和protein,相当于RNA，protein来自不同的品种，然后将他们Mixed，培养到一起，然后看子代是那个品种。

Summary：RNA viruses store their genetic information in nucleic acids（RNA） rather than in proteins.

key points

• The genetic information of most living organisms is stored in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

• In some viruses, the genetic information is present in ribonucleic acid (RNA).