HISTORY:DNA and the Molecular Structure of Chromosomes
you need
to be smart(whatever) & hardworking
Three Essential Functions of the Genetic Material
Mendel: In 1865, he showed that genes transmitted genetic information.
1.genotypic - replication
how DNA to make DNA.
- store genetic information
- accurately transmit that information to offspring
2.phenotypic - gene expression
- control the development of the phenotype(表型)
- dictate(determine) growth from the single-celled zygote(受精卵) to adult
3. evolutionary - mutation
- produce variations. (mutation causes variation. eg. eye color, hair color, etc.)
- allow modifications related to the environment
correlation: transmission of genes & the behavior of chromosomes
- genes are likely located on chromosomes.
- chromosomes are composed of proteins and nucleic acid.
- two types of nucleic acids: deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)
proof: the genetic information is located in DNA
the genetic information is stored in DNA, and there is some evidence.
indirect evidence:
- 双倍体(diploid’s somatic cells)的DNA数量是单倍体(gamete)的两倍 father mother give to their children.
- DNA composition 在所以细胞中都是差不多相同的
- Composition of RNA&protein are variable in different types of cells.
- DNA 更稳定more stable(compared to RNA)
direct evidence:
1928 Frederick Griffith’s work
就是高中所学的格里菲斯实验
1928 Frederick Griffith’s work - pneumococcus - a bacteria that could cause disease.
two types of pneumococcus:
R(rough)型: avirulent 无毒 small absent
S(smooth)型: virulent 有毒 large present
heat-killed type lllS + Living type llR: then got a dead mouse.
1931 In vitro experiments of Richard Sia and Martin Dawson
living R型和heat-killed S型同时培养,子代为S型。
结论:the transforming principle can be conducted in vitro(体外).
1944 Avery,MacLeod & McCarty’s experiment
summary:DNA is the transforming principle.
1952 Works of Alfred Hershey & Martha Chase
前提:
- DNA contains phosphorus but no sulfur, whereas proteins contain sulfur but virtually no phosphorus.
- T2 injected its DNA into E. coli cell
用P 32和S 35标记的噬菌体做实验,看主要的遗传物质在DNA还是在protein。
radioactivity:放射性
labeled phage:被标记的噬菌体
Viral DNA enters the host cell, whereas the protein coat remains outside
Summary: T2噬菌体舍弃了蛋白质外壳,将DNA注入了大肠杆菌内部,then contrifuge,大肠杆菌会在下面沉淀,这时不同放射性就会在不同层:P是DNA特有的,实验现象在下层,说明DNA在大肠杆菌里,protein的S在上层,根本没有到宿主细胞内部,因此不是遗传物质,DNA才是。
Genetic information necessary for viral reproduction was present in DNA
RNA stores the genetic information in some viruses
- some viruses have(contain) RNA and protein but no DNA.
proof:1957 Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat & coworkers
reconstitution(复原) of tobacco mosaic virus (TWV) 烟草花叶病毒
把两个品种的TWV分别分离出RNA和protein,相当于RNA,protein来自不同的品种,然后将他们Mixed,培养到一起,然后看子代是那个品种。
Summary:RNA viruses store their genetic information in nucleic acids(RNA) rather than in proteins.
key points
-
The genetic information of most living organisms is stored in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
-
In some viruses, the genetic information is present in ribonucleic acid (RNA).