分析化学-chap7-notes-误差分析

confidence interval(CI) 置信度(区间)
certain probability,true mean,the range of values
the probability is called confidence level (CL)

$$\text{ CI for }\mu =\bar{x}\pm \frac{z\sigma }{\sqrt{N}}$$

we might say that it is 99% probable that the true population mean…
Confidence level: the probability that true mean lies in the given range
Significant level: the probability that a result is outside the $\mathrm{C}\mathrm{L}$
Confidence interval for the mean: the range of values within which the population mean is expected to lie with a certain probability

To estimate the true mean from
large sample: z,$\sigma$
small sample: t,s

• Single measurement:
  $$\text{ CI for }\mu =x\pm z\sigma$$

• Mean of N measurements (large sample):
  $$\text{ CI for }\mu =\bar{x}\pm \frac{z\sigma }{\sqrt{N}}$$

• Mean of N measurements (small sample):

$$\text{ CI for }\mu =\bar{x}\pm \frac{ts}{\sqrt{N}}$$

z 的值：
$$\begin{array}{cc}\text{ Confidence Levels for Various }& \\ \text{ Values of }z& \\ \text{ Confidence Level, \% }& \mathbf{z}\\ 50& 0.67\\ 68& 1.00\\ 80& 1.28\\ 90& 1.64\\ 95& 1.96\\ 95.4& 2.00\\ 99& 2.58\\ 99.7& 3.00\\ 99.9& 3.29\end{array}$$

Finding the Confidence Interval When σ Is Unknown:
 CI for  μ = x ˉ ± t s N \text { CI for } \mu=\bar{x} \pm \frac{t s}{\sqrt{N}}