【数据结构】单链表

目录

单链表

        头文件

        源文件

相关练习


单链表

链表是一种物理存储结构上非连续、非顺序的存储结构,数据元素的逻辑顺序是通过链表
中的指针链接次序实现的 。

        头文件

#pragma once
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<assert.h>

typedef int SLTDataType;

typedef struct SListNode
{
	SLTDataType data;//数据
	struct SListNode* next;//下一个节点
}SLTNode;

void SListPrint(SLTNode** pphead);//打印链表
void SListDestroy(SLTNode** pphead);//释放链表
void SListPushFront(SLTNode** pphead, SLTDataType x);//头插
void SListPushBack(SLTNode** pphead, SLTDataType x);//尾插
void SListPopFront(SLTNode** pphead);//头删
void SListPopBack(SLTNode** pphead);//尾删
SLTNode* SListFind(SLTNode** pphead, SLTDataType x);//查找指定的值,返回地址
void SListInsertAfter(SLTNode** pphead, SLTNode* pos, SLTDataType x);//在 pos 后插入数据
void SListEraseAfter(SLTNode** pphead, SLTNode* pos);//删除 pos 的后一个数据

        源文件

#include"SList.h"

void SListPrint(SLTNode** pphead)//打印链表
{
	assert(pphead);

	SLTNode* cur = *pphead;
	while (cur)
	{
		printf("%d ", cur->data);
		cur = cur->next;
	}
	printf("\n");
}

void SListDestroy(SLTNode** pphead)//释放链表
{
	assert(pphead);

	SLTNode* cur = *pphead;
	while (cur)
	{
		SLTNode* del = cur;//保存当前节点
		cur = cur->next;
		free(del);
		del = NULL;
	}
	*pphead = NULL;
}

SLTNode* BuySLTNode(SLTDataType x)//创建新节点
{
	SLTNode* newnode = (SLTNode*)malloc(sizeof(SLTNode));
	assert(newnode);//判断是否开辟空间失败
	newnode->next = NULL;
	newnode->data = x;
	return newnode;
}

void SListPushFront(SLTNode** pphead, SLTDataType x)//头插
{
	assert(pphead);

	SLTNode* newnode = BuySLTNode(x);
	newnode->next = *pphead;
	*pphead = newnode;
}

void SListPushBack(SLTNode** pphead, SLTDataType x)//尾插
{
	assert(pphead);

	SLTNode* newnode = BuySLTNode(x);

	//当链表为空时,新节点即为头节点
	if (*pphead == NULL)
	{
		*pphead = newnode;
		return;
	}
	
	//当链表不为空,找到最后一个节点
	SLTNode* cur = *pphead;
	while (cur->next)
	{
		cur = cur->next;
	}
	cur->next = newnode;
}

void SListPopFront(SLTNode** pphead)//头删
{
	assert(pphead);
	if (*pphead == NULL)
		return;

	SLTNode* del = *pphead;//保存头结点
	*pphead = (*pphead)->next;//更改头节点为下一个节点
	free(del);//删除头结点
	del = NULL;
}

void SListPopBack(SLTNode** pphead)//尾删
{
	assert(pphead);
	SLTNode* cur = *pphead;

	if (cur == NULL)
		return;

	//当只有一个节点时,直接调用头删
	if (cur->next == NULL)
	{
		SListPopFront(pphead);
		return;
	}

	//当有多个节点时,需找倒数第二个节点
	while (cur->next->next != NULL)
	{
		cur = cur->next;
	}
	SLTNode* del = cur->next;
	cur->next = NULL;
	free(del);
	del = NULL;
}

SLTNode* SListFind(SLTNode** pphead, SLTDataType x)//查找指定的值,返回地址
{
	assert(pphead);

	SLTNode* cur = *pphead;
	while (cur)
	{
		if (cur->data == x)
			return cur;
		cur = cur->next;
	}
	return NULL;
}

void SListInsertAfter(SLTNode** pphead, SLTNode* pos, SLTDataType x)//在 pos 后插入数据
{
	assert(pphead);
	assert(pos);

	SLTNode* newnode = BuySLTNode(x);
	SLTNode* next = pos->next;
	pos->next = newnode;
	newnode->next = next;
}

void SListEraseAfter(SLTNode** pphead, SLTNode* pos)//删除 pos 的后一个数据
{
	assert(pphead);
	assert(pos);
	if (*pphead == NULL)
		return;

	//当只有一个节点时,直接调用头删
	if ((*pphead)->next == NULL)
	{
		SListPopFront(pphead);
		return;
	}

	//当有多个节点时:
	SLTNode* next = pos->next->next;
	SLTNode* del = pos->next;
	pos->next = next;
	free(del);
	del = NULL;
}

相关练习

(1)203. 移除链表元素 - 力扣(LeetCode) https://leetcode.cn/problems/remove-linked-list-elements/description/

思路:将头删和非头删分开进行。

struct ListNode* removeElements(struct ListNode* head, int val)
{
    //头删
    while (head)
    {
        if (head->val == val)
        {
            struct ListNode* del = head;
            head = head->next;
            free(del);
            del = NULL;
        }
        else
        {
            break;
        }
    }

    //非头删
    struct ListNode* cur = head;
    while (cur)
    {
        //由于要保存上一个节点,所以按照当前节点的下一个节点来寻找 val
        if (cur->next && cur->next->val == val)
        {
            struct ListNode* del = cur->next;
            struct ListNode* next = cur->next->next;
            cur->next = next;
            free(del);
            del = NULL;
        }
        else
        {
            cur = cur->next;
        }
    }
    return head;
}

(2)206. 反转链表 - 力扣(LeetCode) https://leetcode.cn/problems/reverse-linked-list/description/

思路:创将一个空的头结点,依次取出原节点进行头插

struct ListNode* reverseList(struct ListNode* head)
{
    struct ListNode* cur = head;
    struct ListNode* newhead = NULL;
    while (cur)
    {
        struct ListNode* next = cur->next;//保存下一个节点
        //头插
        cur->next = newhead;
        newhead = cur;
        //迭代
        cur = next;
    }
    return newhead;
}

(3)876. 链表的中间结点 - 力扣(LeetCode) https://leetcode.cn/problems/middle-of-the-linked-list/description/

思路:利用快慢指针,快的一次走 2 步,慢的一次走 1 步,当快指针走完时,满指针正好到达中间节点。

struct ListNode* middleNode(struct ListNode* head)
{
    struct ListNode* fast = head;
    struct ListNode* slow = head;
    while (fast && fast->next)
    {
        fast = fast->next->next;
        slow = slow->next;
    }
    return slow;
}

(4)链表中倒数第k个结点_牛客题霸_牛客网 https://www.nowcoder.com/practice/529d3ae5a407492994ad2a246518148a?tpId=13&&tqId=11167&rp=2&ru=/activity/oj&qru=/ta/coding-interviews/question-ranking

思路:使用快慢指针,快指针先走 k 步,再让快慢依次向后,当快指针走到 NULL 时,慢指针指向倒数第 k 个节点。

struct ListNode* FindKthToTail(struct ListNode* pListHead, int k ) 
{
    if (pListHead == NULL)
        return NULL;

    struct ListNode* slow = pListHead;
    struct ListNode* fast = pListHead;
    while (k && fast)
    {
        fast = fast->next;
        k--;
    }
    if (k > 0)
        return NULL;
    
    while (fast)
    {
        fast = fast->next;
        slow = slow->next;
    }
    return slow;
}

(5)21. 合并两个有序链表 - 力扣(LeetCode) https://leetcode.cn/problems/merge-two-sorted-lists/description/

思路:创建一个新的带头单链表,将给出的两个链表依次向后比较,将较大值放入新链表。

struct ListNode* mergeTwoLists(struct ListNode* list1, struct ListNode* list2)
{
    struct ListNode* cur1 = list1;
    struct ListNode* cur2 = list2;
    struct ListNode* newhead = (struct ListNode*)malloc(sizeof(struct ListNode));
    struct ListNode* tail = newhead;
    
    while (cur1 && cur2)
    {
        if (cur1->val < cur2->val)
        {
            tail->next = cur1;
            cur1 = cur1->next;
            tail = tail->next;
        }
        else
        {
            tail->next = cur2;
            cur2 = cur2->next;
            tail = tail->next;
        }
    }
    //将剩余部分进行连接
    if (cur1)
    {
        tail->next = cur1;
    }
    else
    {
        tail->next = cur2;
    }

    struct ListNode* returnValue = newhead->next;
    free(newhead);
    newhead = NULL;
    return returnValue;
}

(6)链表分割_牛客题霸_牛客网 https://www.nowcoder.com/practice/0e27e0b064de4eacac178676ef9c9d70?tpId=8&&tqId=11004&rp=2&ru=/activity/oj&qru=/ta/cracking-the-coding-interview/question-ranking

思路:创建两个带头单链表,分别存放大于、小于 x 的值,将原链表中的值与 x 进行比较,放入对应链表,最后将两个链表进行连接。

class Partition {
public:
    ListNode* partition(ListNode* pHead, int x) 
    {
        ListNode* less, * lesstail, * great, * greattail;
        less = lesstail = (ListNode*)malloc(sizeof(ListNode));
        great = greattail = (ListNode*)malloc(sizeof(ListNode));
        ListNode* cur = pHead;
        //比较大小
        while (cur)
        {
            if (cur->val < x)
            {
                lesstail->next = cur;
                lesstail = lesstail->next;
            }
            else
            {
                greattail->next = cur;
                greattail = greattail->next;
            }
            cur = cur->next;
        }
        //连接两个链表
        lesstail->next = great->next;
        greattail->next = NULL;
        pHead = less->next;
        free(less);
        free(great);
        less = great = NULL;
        return pHead;
    }
};

(7)链表的回文结构_牛客题霸_牛客网 https://www.nowcoder.com/practice/d281619e4b3e4a60a2cc66ea32855bfa?tpId=49&&tqId=29370&rp=1&ru=/activity/oj&qru=/ta/2016test/question-ranking

思路:先找到链表的中间节点,再将中间节点进行逆序,最后和原链表的前半部进行比较。

ListNode* FindMid(ListNode* phead)//找到中间节点
{
    ListNode* fast = phead;
    ListNode* slow = phead;
    while (fast && fast->next)
    {
        fast = fast->next->next;
        slow = slow->next;
    }
    return slow;
}

ListNode* reverseList(ListNode* phead)//逆序
{
    ListNode* newhead = NULL;
    ListNode* cur = phead;
    while (cur)
    {
        ListNode* next = cur->next;
        cur->next = newhead;
        newhead = cur;
        cur = next;
    }
    return newhead;
}

class PalindromeList 
{
public:
    bool chkPalindrome(ListNode* A) 
    {
        ListNode* B = FindMid(A);//找到中间节点
        B = reverseList(B);//将中间节点进行逆序
        //比较
        while (B)
        {
            if (A->val != B->val)
                return false;
            A = A->next;
            B = B->next;
        }
        return true;
    }
};

(8)160. 相交链表 - 力扣(LeetCode) https://leetcode.cn/problems/intersection-of-two-linked-lists/description/

思路:先计算两个两个链表长度,算出两个链表节点数量的差值,再让较长的链表向后,两个链表同时向后,找到相同节点。

struct ListNode *getIntersectionNode(struct ListNode *headA, struct ListNode *headB) 
{
    struct ListNode* ca = headA;
    struct ListNode* cb = headB;
    int a = 1;
    int b = 1;
    while (ca->next)
    {
        ca = ca->next;
        a++;
    }
    while (cb->next)
    {
        cb = cb->next;
        b++;
    }
    
    //若最后一个节点不同,说明不存在相交,直接返回
    //若最后一个节点相同,说明一定相交,最后一步可直接判断相等
    if (ca != cb)
        return NULL;
    
    int c = abs(a - b);
    ca = headA;
    cb = headB;

    //让较长链表向后
    if (a < b)
    {
        while (c--)
        {
            cb = cb->next;
        }
    }
    else
    {
        while (c--)
        {
            ca = ca->next;
        }
    }

    while (ca != cb)
    {
        ca = ca->next;
        cb = cb->next;
    }
    return ca;
}

(9)141. 环形链表 - 力扣(LeetCode) https://leetcode.cn/problems/linked-list-cycle/description/

思路:使用快慢指针,快指针一次走 2 步,若存在环路,双指针之间每走一次距离 - 1,最后一定相遇。

bool hasCycle(struct ListNode *head) 
{
    struct ListNode* fast = head;
    struct ListNode* slow = head;
    while (fast && fast->next)
    {
        fast = fast->next->next;
        slow = slow->next;
        if (fast == slow)
            return true;
    }
    return false;
}

(10)141. 环形链表 - 力扣(LeetCode) https://leetcode.cn/problems/linked-list-cycle/description/

方法一:相交法

思路:以相遇点为准将链表分开,找交点。

 struct ListNode *getIntersectionNode(struct ListNode *headA, struct ListNode *headB) 
{
    struct ListNode* ca = headA;
    struct ListNode* cb = headB;
    int a = 1;
    int b = 1;
    while (ca->next)
    {
        ca = ca->next;
        a++;
    }
    while (cb->next)
    {
        cb = cb->next;
        b++;
    }
    
    //若最后一个节点不同,说明不存在相交,直接返回
    //若最后一个节点相同,说明一定相交,最后一步可直接判断相等
    if (ca != cb)
        return NULL;
    
    int c = abs(a - b);
    ca = headA;
    cb = headB;

    //让较长链表向后
    if (a < b)
    {
        while (c--)
        {
            cb = cb->next;
        }
    }
    else
    {
        while (c--)
        {
            ca = ca->next;
        }
    }

    while (ca != cb)
    {
        ca = ca->next;
        cb = cb->next;
    }
    return ca;
}


struct ListNode *detectCycle(struct ListNode *head) 
{
    if (head == NULL)
        return NULL;
    
    struct ListNode* fast = head;
    struct ListNode* slow = head;

    //找相遇点
    while (fast && fast->next)
    {
        fast = fast->next->next;
        slow = slow->next;
        if (fast == slow)
            break;    
    }
    if (fast == NULL || fast->next == NULL)
        return NULL;

    //找相交点
    struct ListNode* tmp = fast->next;
    fast->next = NULL;//分成两个链表
    struct ListNode* start = head;
    struct ListNode* meet = tmp;
    struct ListNode* intersect = getIntersectionNode(start, meet);

    //恢复链表
    fast->next = tmp;
    return intersect;
}

方法二:公式法

思路:找到相遇点,用两个指针分别从起始点与相遇点以相同速度同时向后,即可找到入环点。

证明:

设起点到入环点距离为 L,入环点到相遇点距离为 X,圆的长度为 C。那么 slow 走的距离为 L + X,fast 走的距离为 L + X + N * C(N 为走的圆圈数)。

∵ fast 是 slow 的 2 倍,∴ 2(L + X)= L + X + N * C

(L + X)= N * C

L = N * C - X

L = (N - 1)* C + C - X

由此得出:两个指针分别从起始点和相遇点开始走,最终会在入环点相遇。(起始点走 L 的距离可到达入环点,相遇点走「(N - 1)* C + C - X」的距离也可到达入环点)

struct ListNode *detectCycle(struct ListNode *head) 
{
    if (head == NULL)
        return NULL;
    
    struct ListNode* fast = head;
    struct ListNode* slow = head;
    //找相遇点
    while (fast && fast->next)
    {
        fast = fast->next->next;
        slow = slow->next;
        if (fast == slow)
            break;    
    }
    if (fast == NULL || fast->next == NULL)
        return NULL;
    //找入环点
    struct ListNode* a = head;
    struct ListNode* b = fast;
    slow = head;
    while (a != b)
    {
        a = a->next;
        b = b->next;
    }
    return a;
}

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