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Makefile Autotools使用教程
Autotools是一套用于生成Makefile文件的工具集，它使得开发者能够更便捷地创建、维护和分发软件。在本文中，我们将深入讨论如何使用Autotools。
目录
什么是Autotools
Autotools是一个来自GNU的开源软件工具包，它提供了创建可移植源代码包的工具1。Autotools可以帮助开发者处理不同操作系统间的兼容性问题，使得源代码能够在各种平台上正确编译和运行。
# Autotools的基本工作流程
configure.ac -> autoconf -> configure -> Makefile.in -> automake -> Makefile
Autotools主要组成
Autotools主要由三个部分组成：Autoconf、Automake和Libtool2。
Autoconf
Autoconf是用于创建可以在多种UNIX-like系统上运行的shell脚本的工具。开发者通过编写configure.ac文件，然后运行autoconf生成configure脚本。
# 使用autoconf生成configure脚本
autoconf configure.ac > configure
Automake
Automake是用于生成符合GNU标准的Makefile.in文件的工具。开发者通过编写Makefile.am文件，然后运行automake生成Makefile.in文件。
# 使用automake生成Makefile.in文件
automake --add-missing
Libtool
Libtool是一个用于处理库文件的工具。它可以帮助开发者创建可移植的库文件，并隐藏系统特定的复杂性。
# 使用libtool编译静态库
libtool --mode=compile gcc -c foo.c
安装Autotools
对于大多数Linux发行版，你可以使用系统的包管理器来安装Autotools。以下是在Ubuntu上安装Autotools的命令：
sudo apt-get install autoconf automake libtool
在Fedora上，你可以使用以下命令进行安装：
sudo dnf install autoconf automake libtool
使用Autoconf
创建一个名为configure.ac的文件，并添加以下内容：
AC_INIT([Hello], [1.0])
AC_CONFIG_SRCDIR([hello.c])
AC_PROG_CC
AC_OUTPUT
然后运行autoconf命令生成configure脚本：
autoconf
这将会生成一个configure脚本，该脚本可以用于检测系统环境并生成Makefile。
使用Automake
首先，创建一个名为Makefile.am的文件，并添加以下内容：
bin_PROGRAMS = hello
hello_SOURCES = hello.c
然后运行automake --add-missing命令生成Makefile.in文件：
automake --add-missing
这将会生成一个Makefile.in文件，该文件可以用于生成最终的Makefile。
使用Libtool
如果你的项目需要使用库文件，那么你可能需要使用Libtool。首先，创建一个名为libfoo.la的库文件：
libtool --mode=link gcc -o libfoo.la foo.lo
然后，在你的Makefile.am文件中添加以下内容：
lib_LTLIBRARIES = libfoo.la
libfoo_la_SOURCES = foo.c
这将会在最终的Makefile中添加对libfoo.la的链接。
示例：构建一个简单的项目
下面是一个使用Autotools构建的简单C项目的例子：
-
创建一个名为
hello.c的源文件：#include <stdio.h> int main() { printf("Hello, World!\n"); return 0; } -
创建
configure.ac和Makefile.am文件：AC_INIT([Hello], [1.0]) AC_CONFIG_SRCDIR([hello.c]) AC_PROG_CC AC_OUTPUTbin_PROGRAMS = hello hello_SOURCES = hello.c -
运行
autoreconf --install命令生成configure脚本和Makefile.in文件：autoreconf --install -
运行
configure脚本生成Makefile：./configure -
运行
make命令编译项目：make
现在你应该可以看到一个名为hello的可执行文件。
参考资料
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