最近在看赖世雄经典英语语法，补充自己的学习笔记，希望在暑假结束前看完而且坚持做笔记~
句子的成分嘛，离不开主谓（宾）。作者提到任何一个句子离不开主语和动词，所以关于句子的形成将从下面几点进行解释：
- 主语分类
- 动词分类及用法
- 句型总结
主语（subject–s）分类
包括n. \pron.\ v-ing\ v-todo以及名词性短语、名词性从句、表距离的地方副词短语等。
Attention：
- 名词性从句引导词：that/whether/特殊疑问词，后面接的从句语序是陈述句语序。所以who/what/which在问句中做主语的时候，变成名词性从句整个句子结构不变。e.g., What happened last night is still unknown.
- 补充:名词性从句可以还可以做vt.的宾语。 I wonder whether he has finished the job.(我以前一直觉得是不是应该说 I wonder that whether……所以并不是动词带that 再加从句 而是及物动词加从句，从句本身有引导词。）
- 补充：名词性从句可以还可以做prep.的宾语。但是只能用whether和特殊疑问词做引导词，不能用that。I am curious about how he’ll cope with the problem. 但是碰到要用that引导时，有以下几种方法：
1、在介词后加上the fact that: I am sure of the fact that the team has won.
2、删去that，主语变成所有格，动词变成v-ing。（若有助动词或者情态动词will/would，直接删去；may—be likely to，can—be able to）
I am worried about his playing around all day.(that he plays around all day)
I am worried about his not studying.(that he doesn’t study)
I am sure of the team’s winning the game.(that the team will win the game)
I am happy about his being likely to come.(that he may come)
I am sure of his being able to do it.(that he can do it)
3、 be+adj.+that 从句
I am worried that he plays around all day.
I am sure that he will come. - 特例: prep.后面直接加that从句的句子。in that=because、except that、notwithstanding that=despite the fact that/ in spite of the fact that
1、He is excellent in that he can speak five different languages.
2、Notwithstanding that he is nice, I do not like him. - 表距离的地方副词短语做主语。
From Shanghai to Beijing is about 1000 kilometers.
动词的分类及其用法
动词分为五类：
- 完全及物动词（[c][1]omplete [t][2]ransitive [v][3]erb, abbr. c. vt.）
- 不完全及物动词（abbr. i. ct）
- 完全不及物动词（abbr. c. vi）
- 不完全不及物动词(abbr. i. vi)
- 授与动词（dative verb, abbr. d. v.）
但是分类不是针对单词的，而是针对它的用法，比如同一个单词，在A使用方法情况下是vt. ,在B使用方法情况下是i. vt.
不及物动词
Attention:
- i. vi.的前提是它是不及物动词，可以用能否用被动来判别。后面通过接名词、形容词或名词对等语（想想哪些可以做主语），来补充其意思的不足。**后面接的其实就是表语（subjective complement，abbr. s. c.）**e.g., He looks happy. / He became a good student. / He is in danger now.
- i. vi.有六大类：
a) be动词： The problem is whether he can join us.(名词性从句) The question is when to set out.(名词短语) She is there.(地方副词) She is in danger.(地方副词短语)
b)become:+n. / adj. including v-ing/v-ed that can be used as adj.
d)get常用搭配： get mad. / get +p.p.(被动语态)e.g., get killed/ hurt.（另：在进行时中可以接任何形容词的比较级形态作表语 be getting more and more……）
e)seem + to do 表似乎 (但是在 to be 结构中，to be 可省略) He seems (to be) happy. / He seems (to be) a nice man.
f)感官动词: look/ sound/smell/taste/feel+ adj. (但是后面接名词时：v. + like + n. ) 另外feel/smell/taste还可以当完全及物动词；look后面加介词的时候形成的动词短语可以看成是及物动词。 e.g., look into = investigate. 补充其他常用的不完全不及物搭配：fall ill/asleep , run short, come to be(gradually become) , prove to be
——我是vt.的分割线——-
Attention:c. vt.的宾语从句可以由that/whether/疑问词来引导。that可以省略；whether可以用if来代替(但whether从句若做主语（且位于句首？形式主语是可以用if的）、介词宾语或者be动词后的表语的时候，不能用if取代)
- i. vt.后面只加宾语的话意思不完整，还要加补语(complement)。宾语补语（objective complement, abbr. o. c.）
- i. vt.分类
a)使役动词
make/have sb do= get sb to do(只有make 可用于被动， He was made to wash the car.);
let sb do/prep.( He let me in. （此类作副词用的介词称为介副词(后面不用接宾语的介词)，补充:作地点副词且不需要介词的称为地点副词，e.g., there/here/there/home/downtown）)
表强迫/要求/怂恿/催促等force/ask/encourage/compell/tell/push/seduce/entice/expect/want/…… sb to do sth.(被动依然是不定式)
表成为： make sb/sth sth/adj..
b)知觉动词
see/observe/watch/look at/notice/hear/listen to/feel
1.+ v 表事实： I heard him sing.
2.+ v-ing表现在进行时。
3.+ v-ed表被动。I heard the door closed.
以上三种形式变成被动语态的时候只有原型变成不定式形式。
e.g., He was seen to do it. / He was seen dancing. / The dog was seen run over by a car.
c)任命动词 表选举、指派之意，o.c.经常是职位，且省略冠词。
elect/ assign/appoint
We elected him chairman of the committee.
d)认定动词 表视为，认为之意。
与prep.连用:regard/ look upon/ think of/ see/ view sb as adj./sth. ( I regard his behavior as inappropriate.)
mistake sb for sth.
与to be 连用：consider/deem/think sb/it (to be) adj./sth. ( I deem it an honor to give this speech. / I believe it worthwhile to study hard. )比较 vt. I believe (that) it is worthwhile to study hard.
e)转变动词
change/turn sb/sth into……
f)其他重要的i. vt.
They set him free.
His assistance will render success certain.
The sight struck him dumb.
The baby cried itself to sleep.
The misfortune nearly drove him mad.
leave/keep/want/help/call/name……
——我是授与动词（dative verb）分割线—–
d.v.属于vt.，它的宾语分为直接宾语(direct object, abbr. d.o.)、间接宾语(indirect object, abbr. i.o.)一般是 d.v.+i.o.+d.o.
Attention:
- 直接宾语前置的时候要加介词to/for/of，但是expect/require/demand只能用d.o.前置：He required nothing of me.
几个跟of连用的授与动词(不是前置)：
rob of/ deprive of/relieve of/rid/cure/break of
He robbed me of my money.
I was robbed of my money.
He was deprived of his civil rights.
The captain relieved the platoon leader(排长) of his command.
You should break the bad habit of smoking.表提供：offer/provide/supply/furnish/present用法记得吗？present和supply用法一样噢（补充：offer to do sth = be willing to do sth. ）
句型总结
根据动词的五大类将陈述句分成五种类型：
s + c. vi. (+adv./介词短语) He slept.
s + i. vi. + s.c.(subjective complement,表语) He looks happy.
s + c. vt. +o (想想宾语有哪些类型) He wants to do it.
s + i. vt. + o + o.c. You made me happy.
s + d.v. + i.o. + d.o. I gave him a book.
另外还有祈使句、感叹句、问句。
a)祈使句：省略you should/must，否定可以don’t/never开头。
b)感叹句：How/What开头
How great a man he is!= What a great man he is!
Attention: how单独使用的时候只能接可数名词的单数，what可以接可数名词和不可数名词的任何形式。how如果要接可数名词复数或者不可数名词，可以加上many，much，little，few数量形容词。
How many students there are in the classroom!
How few friends he has!
How much money he has made!
How little time is left!
What good music it is!
c)问句：分为一般疑问句和特殊疑问句。
- 一般疑问句：
句子中有be动词（Is he nice?）;
句子中有助动词(情态动词或者have（has\had）)(Hasn’t he reported to the committee yet?);
句子中有一般动词,用do/does/did(Did he leave early yesterday?)
**不管怎样问，肯定回答就用肯定哦!
– Won’t he join us?
– Yes, he will.(不，他要加入我们)** - 特殊疑问句：
when/ why/where/how/what/who/whom/which等疑问词位于句首。what/which/who具有名词性质，在特殊疑问句中不需要采用倒装结构。（Who came？/ What has happened?/ Which ）
好题：
不完全不及物的例句：
He proved eligible for the position. (competent)
The icy wind feels bitter.
How is he doing? 此处do为完全不及物动词，表示进展。
错题：基础忘了不少啊……
taset of 尝起来： The bread tastes of garlic.( 有蒜味)
The room measures（i. vi + n.） fifteen feet across.
The baby slept a sound sleep.
The people in general looked upon the situation as critical.(look upon sth as 后面还可以接形容词欸)
bring a ticket with you.
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