程序运行时间

可以度量的三个时间：

• 墙上时钟时间
• 用户 CPU 时间
• 系统 CPU 时间

任一进程可以调用 times 函数获得自己以及已终止之进程的上述值。

#include <sys/times.h>
clock_t times(struct tms * buf);
// 函数返回值：若成功，返回流逝的墙上时钟时间（以时钟滴答数为单位）
//            若出错，返回 -1

我们来看一下 struct tms   结构体

struct tms {
               clock_t tms_utime;  /* user time */
               clock_t tms_stime;  /* system time */
               clock_t tms_cutime; /* user time of children */
               clock_t tms_cstime; /* system time of children */
           };

所有由此函数返回的 clock_t 值都用 _SC_CLK_TCK 转换成秒数。

我们来写个小程序，他把每个命令行参数作为 shell 命令串执行，对每个命令计时，并打印从 tms 结构取得的值。

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <time.h>

#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/times.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>

static void do_cmd(char *);
static void pr_times(clock_t, struct tms *, struct tms *);
static void print_exit(int status);
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    if(argc < 2)
    {
        printf("Usage: ./timing_process \" process\"");
        exit(1);
    }

    setbuf(stdout, NULL);
    for(int i = 1; i < argc; ++i)
    {
        do_cmd(argv[i]);
    }


    return 0;
}

static void do_cmd(char *cmd)
{
    struct tms tmsstart, tmsend;
    clock_t start, end;
    int status;

    printf("\ncommand: %s\n", cmd);

    if((start = times(&tmsstart)) == -1)
    {
        perror("times error");
        exit(2);
    }
    if((status = system(cmd)) < 0)
    {
        perror("system() error");
        exit(3);
    }
    if((end = times(&tmsend)) == -1)
    {
        perror("times error");
        exit(2);
    }

    pr_times(end - start, &tmsstart, &tmsend);
    print_exit(status);
}

static void pr_times(clock_t real, struct tms *tmsstart, struct tms *tmsend)
{
    static long clktck = 0;
    if(clktck == 0)
        if((clktck = sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK)) < 0)
        {
            perror("sysconf error");
        }

    printf(" real: %7.2f\n", real / (double)clktck);
    printf(" user: %7.2f\n", (tmsend->tms_utime - tmsstart->tms_utime) / (double)clktck);
    printf(" sys: %7.2f\n", (tmsend->tms_stime - tmsstart->tms_stime) / (double)clktck);
    printf(" child user: %7.2f\n", (tmsend->tms_cutime - tmsstart->tms_cutime) / (double)clktck);
    printf(" child sys: %7.2f\n", (tmsend->tms_cstime - tmsstart->tms_cstime) / (double)clktck);
}

static void print_exit(int status)
{
    if(WIFEXITED(status))
    {
        printf("normal termination, exit status = %d\n", WEXITSTATUS(status));
    }
    else if(WIFSIGNALED(status))
    {
        printf("abnormal termination, signal number = %d%s\n", WTERMSIG(status),
#ifdef WCOREDUMP
               WCOREDUMP(status) ? "core file generated" : "");
#else
               "");
#endif 
    }
    else if(WIFSTOPPED(status))
    {
        printf("child stopped, signal number = %d\n", WIFSTOPPED(status));
    }
}

运行此程序可以得到：