Matlab —— 档案与变量存取

档案与变量存取

• Variables : string, structure, cell
• Data access

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Variable (Data) Type Conversion

double()	Convert to double precision
single()	Conver to single precision
int8()	Convert to 8-bit signed integer
int16()	Convert to 16-bit signed integer
int32()	Convert to 32-bit signed integer
int64()	Convert to 64-bit signed integer
uint8()	Convert to 8-bit unsigned integer
uint16()	Convert to 16-bit unsigned integer
uint32()	Convert to 32-bit unsigned integer
uint64()	Convert to 64-bit unsigned integer

>> A=20

A =

    20

>> int8(A)

ans =

   20

Character(char)

• A character is represented in ASCII using a numeric code between 0 to 255
• Create a character or a string by putting them into a pair of apostrophe:

>> s1 = 'h'
whos
uint16(s1)

s1 =

h

  Name      Size            Bytes  Class    Attributes

  s1        1x1                 2  char               


ans =

    104

>> s1 = 'hex' 

s1 =

hex

>> whos
  Name      Size            Bytes  Class     Attributes

  ans       1x1                 2  uint16              
  s1        1x3                 6  char                

String

• An array collects characters:

s1 = 'Example';
s2 = 'String';

• String concatenation

s3 = [s1 s2];
s4 = [s1; s2];

注意 s1与s2的维度不同
在s3后再加一个blank

>> s1 = 'Example';
s2 = 'String ';
s3 = [s1 s2];
s4 = [s1; s2];
>> s3

s3 =

ExampleString 

>> s4

s4 =

Example
String 

Logical Operations and Assignments

• Many numerical and logical operators can be applied to strings

>> str = 'aardvark';
>> 'a' == str

ans =

     1     1     0     0     0     1     0     0

>> str(3)

ans =

r

>> str(str == 'a') = 'z'

str =

zzrdvzrk

Compare the entire string with another?

• 实现字符串的倒序

s1 =

Example

>> flip(s1)

ans =

elpmaxE

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Structure

• A method of storing heterogrneous data
• Structures contain arrays called fields
• Student assignment grades:

.name	John Doe
.id	jdo2@sfu.ca
.number	301073268
.grade	100 75 73 95 91 85.5 100 98 72

>> student.name = 'John Doe';
student.id = 'jdo2@sfu.ca';
student.number = 301073268;
student.grade = [100,75,73;...
    95,91,85.5;...
    100,98,72];
student

student = 

      name: 'John Doe'
        id: 'jdo2@sfu.ca'
    number: 301073268
     grade: [3x3 double]

>> student.grade

ans =

  100.0000   75.0000   73.0000
   95.0000   91.0000   85.5000
  100.0000   98.0000   72.0000

Adding Information to A Structure

• student(2)

.name	Ann Lane
.id	aln4@sfu.ca
.number	301078853
.grade	95 100 90 95 82 97 100 85 100

>> student(2).name = 'Ann Lane';
student(2).id = 'aln4@sfu.ca';
student(2).number = 301078853;
student(2).grade = [95 100 90;95 82 97;100 85 100];
>> student

student = 

1x2 struct array with fields:

    name
    id
    number
    grade

>> student(1)

ans = 

      name: 'John Doe'
        id: 'jdo2@sfu.ca'
    number: 301073268
     grade: [3x3 double]

>> student(2)

ans = 

      name: 'Ann Lane'
        id: 'aln4@sfu.ca'
    number: 301078853
     grade: [3x3 double]


>> student(2).grade(3)

ans =

   100

Structure Function	Description
cell2struct	Convert cell array to structure array
fieldnames	Field names of structure, or public fields of object
getfield	Field of structure array
isfield	Determine whether input is structure array field
isstruct	Determine whether input is structure array
orderfields	Order fields of structure array
rmfield	Remove fields from structure
setfield	Assign values to structure array field
struct	Create structure array
struct2cell	Convert structure to cell array
structfun	Apply function to each field of scalar structure

% 部分函数用法及运行结果示例
>> fieldnames(student)

ans = 

    'name'
    'id'
    'number'
    'grade'

>> rmfield(student,'id')

ans = 

1x2 struct array with fields:

    name
    number
    grade

Nesting Structures

• 结构体里的元素有可能是另外一个结构体

>> A = struct('data',[3 4 7; 8 0 1],'nest',...
    struct('testnum','Test 1',...
    'xdata',[4 2 8],'ydata',[7 1 6]));
A(2).data = [9 3 2; 7 6 5];
A(2).nest.testnum = 'Test 2';
A(2).nest.xdata = [3 4 2];
A(2).nest,ydata = [5 0 9];
A.nest

ans = 

    testnum: 'Test 2'
      xdata: [3 4 2]


ans = 

    testnum: 'Test 1'
      xdata: [4 2 8]
      ydata: [7 1 6]


ans = 

    testnum: 'Test 2'
      xdata: [3 4 2]

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Cell Array

• Another method of storing heterogeneous data
• Similar to matrix but each contains different type of data
• Declared using { }

[ 1 4 3 ; 0 5 8 ; 7 2 9 ]	‘Anne Smith’
3 + 7i	[ -∏ 0 Π ]

%%
A(1,1) = {[ 1 4 3; 0 5 8; 7 2 9]};
A(1,2) = {'Anne Smith'};
A(2,1) = { 3 + 7i };
A(2,2) = { -pi: pi: pi};
A

%%
A{1,1} = [ 1 4 3; 0 5 8; 7 2 9];
A{1,2} = 'Anne Smith';
A{2,1} =  3 + 7i ;
A{2,2} =  -pi: pi: pi;
A
---------------------------------------------------------------------
>> A(1,1) = {[ 1 4 3; 0 5 8; 7 2 9]};
   A(1,2) = {'Anne Smith'};
   A(2,1) = { 3 + 7i };
   A(2,2) = { -pi: pi: pi};
   A

A = 

          [3x3 double]    'Anne Smith'
    [3.0000 + 7.0000i]    [1x3 double]

Accessing Cell Array

• Curly braces, { }, are used to access the “content” of cell arrays

>> A(1,1)

ans = 

    [3x3 double]

>> A{1,1}

ans =

     1     4     3
     0     5     8
     7     2     9

>> A{1,1}(6)

ans =

     2

Cell Array Function	Description
cell	Create cell array
cellmat	Convert cell array to numeric array
cell2struct	Convert cell array to structure array
celldsip	Cell array content
cellfun	Apply function to each cell in cell array
cellplot	Graphically display strcture of cell array
cellstr	Create cell array of strings from character array
iscell	Determine whether input is cell array
mat2cell	Convert array to cell array with different sized cells
num2cell	Convert array to cell array with consistently sized cells
struct2cell	Convert structure to cell array

num2cell() & mat2cell()

• Transform a matrix into a cell variable

>> a = magic(3)
b = num2cell(a)
c = mat2cell( a, [ 1 1 1], 3)  //参数说明：1.a matrix 2.row 3.column

a =

     8     1     6
     3     5     7
     4     9     2


b = 

    [8]    [1]    [6]
    [3]    [5]    [7]
    [4]    [9]    [2]


c = 

    [1x3 double]
    [1x3 double]
    [1x3 double]

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Multidimensional Array

Vecrot	Matrix	Array
row	rows	rows
column	columns	columns
		layers

- 三维的array 第一个参数是row 第二个是column 第三个是layer

>> A{1,1,1} = [1 2;4 5];
A{1,2,1} = 'name';
A{2,1,1} = 2 - 4i;
A{2,2,1} = 7;
A{1,1,2} = 'Name2';
A{1,2,2} = 3;
A{2,1,2} = 0:1:3;
A{2,2,2} = [4 5]';
>> A

A(:,:,1) = 

          [2x2 double]    'name'
    [2.0000 - 4.0000i]    [   7]


A(:,:,2) = 

    'Name2'         [         3]
    [1x4 double]    [2x1 double]

cat()

• Array Concatenation

>> A = [1 2;3 4];
B = [5 6;7 8];
C = cat(1,A,B);   % row
D = cat(2,A,B);   % column
E = cat(3,A,B);   % layer
>> C

C =

     1     2
     3     4
     5     6
     7     8

>> D

D =

     1     2     5     6
     3     4     7     8

>> E

E(:,:,1) =

     1     2
     3     4


E(:,:,2) =

     5     6
     7     8

利用cat()，A 和 B 建立 multidimensional array

>> A{1,1} = [1 2;4 5];
A{1,2} = 'Name';
A{2,1} = 2 - 4i;
A{2,2} = 7;
B{1,1} = 'Name2';
B{1,2} = 3;
B{2,1} = 0:1:3;
B{2,2} = [4 5]';
C = cat(3,A,B)

C(:,:,1) = 

          [2x2 double]    'Name'
    [2.0000 - 4.0000i]    [   7]


C(:,:,2) = 

    'Name2'         [         3]
    [1x4 double]    [2x1 double]

reshape() : (r1,c1)–>(r2,c2)

• Return a new array with assigned rows and columns

>> A = {'James Bond',[1 2;3 4;5 6]; pi,magic(5)}   % A:2×2
C = reshape(A,1,4)    % C:1×4

A = 

    'James Bond'    [3x2 double]
    [    3.1416]    [5x5 double]


C = 

    'James Bond'    [3.1416]    [3x2 double]    [5x5 double]

• Exercise : create a matrix B from the martix A below using reshape:

>> A = [1:3;4:6]

A =

     1     2     3
     4     5     6

>> B = reshape(A,3,2)

B =

     1     5
     4     3
     2     6

Checking Variable And Variable Status

isFunction	Description
isinteger	Determine if input is integer array
islogical	Determine if input is logical array
isnan	Detect an element that isnot a number(NaN)
isnumeric	Determine if input is numeric array
isprime	Detect prime elements of array
isreal	Determine if all array elements are real numbers
iscell	Determine if input is cell array
ischar	Determine if input is character arrar
inempty	Determine if input is empty array
isequal	Determine if arrays are numerically equal
isfloat	Determine if input is floating-point array
isglobal	Determine if input is global variable
ishandle	Detect valid graphics object handles
ininf	Determine infinite elements of array

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File Access

• File System <–> Work Space
• Supported file formats:

File Content	Extension	Description	Import Function	Export Function
MATLAB formatted data	MAT	Saved MATLAB workspace	load	save
Text		Space delimited numbers	load	save
Spreadsheet	XLS,XLSX	EXCEL	xlsread	xlswrite

save() & load()

• Save (all) workspace data to a file:

clear; a = magic(4);
save mydata1.mat            % 将 workspace 所有变量存储在 mydata1.mat
save mydata2.mat -ascii     % 可以用记事本打开，即可阅读，纯文本

• Load data stored in a file:

load('mydata1.mat')
load('mydata2.mat','-ascii')

Save a specific variable:

save mydata1.mat x    % 只储存变量 x

Excel File Reading : xlsread()

• Read from Excel spreadsheet

Score = xlsread('04Score.xlsx')
Score = xlsread('04Score.xlsx','B2:D4')

Excel File Writing : xlswrite()

• Calculate the means and write into Excel spreadsheet

M = mean(Score')';     % ' 意为 转置
xlswrite('04Score.xlsx',M,1,'E2:E4');
xlswrite('04Score.xlsx',{'Mean'},1,'E1');

Getting Text in Excel Spreadsheet

• Getting both the tet and numbers

[Score Header] = xlsread('04Score.xlsx')
% [numeric string] header 是用 cell 进行存储的

Low-level File Input/Output

• Read and write file at the byte or character level
• A file has an ID fid
• Location in the a specifiedd by a pointer that can be moved around

Function	Descripyion
fopen	Open file, or obtain information about open files
fcolse	Close one or all open files
fscanf	Read data from text file
fprintf	Write data to text file
feof	Test for end-of-file

- Open and close a file:

fid = fopen('[filename]','[permission]');
status = fclose(fid);

• Exsecise : write sine values into a file

x = 0:pi/10:pi ; 
y = sin(x);
fid = fopen('sinx.txt','w');
for i = 1:11
    fprintf(fid,'%5.3f %8.4f\n',x(i),y(i));
end
fclose(fid);
type sinx.txt

Read and Write through Formatted I/O

• 几乎与C完全相同
• %g 与 %f 表示浮点数