无穷小量
无穷小量的计算
ο ( x ) \omicron(x) ο(x)是一种比 x x x高阶的无穷小,即 ο ( x ) x \displaystyle\frac{\omicron(x)}{x} xο(x)的极限为零。 ο ( x ) x = ο ( 1 ) \displaystyle\frac{\omicron(x)}{x}=\omicron(1) xο(x)=ο(1),其极限为零。
- a × ο ( x ) = ο ( x ) a\times\omicron(x)=\omicron(x) a×ο(x)=ο(x)( a a a为不等于 0 0 0的常数)
- x p × ο ( x ) = ο ( x p + 1 ) x^p\times\omicron(x)=\omicron(x^{p+1}) xp×ο(x)=ο(xp+1)
- ο ( x ) × ο ( x ) = o ( x 2 ) \omicron(x)\times\omicron(x)= o(x^2) ο(x)×ο(x)=o(x2)
m > n m>n m>n
- ο ( x m ) ± ο ( x n ) = ο ( x n ) \omicron(x^m)\pm \omicron(x^n)=\omicron(x^n) ο(xm)±ο(xn)=ο(xn)
- x m × ο ( x n ) = ο ( x m + n ) x^m\times\omicron(x^n)=\omicron(x^{m+n}) xm×ο(xn)=ο(xm+n)
- ο ( x m ) ÷ ο ( x n ) = 0 \omicron(x^m)\div \omicron(x^n)=0 ο(xm)÷ο(xn)=0
- f ( x ) × ο ( x m ) = ο ( x m ) ,即有界 × 无穷小 = 无穷小 f(x)\times\omicron(x^m)=\omicron(x^m),即有界\times无穷小=无穷小 f(x)×ο(xm)=ο(xm),即有界×无穷小=无穷小
常用等价无穷小
当
x
→
0
x\to 0
x→0时,
x
∼
sin
x
∼
arcsin
x
∼
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e
x
−
1
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∼
tan
x
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arctan
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ln
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ln
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a
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1
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cos
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1
2
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2
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ln
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sec
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−
1
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e
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1
−
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sin
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1
6
x
3
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(
arcsin
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(
tan
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−
x
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∼
1
3
x
3
∼
(
x
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arctan
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a
x
−
1
∼
x
ln
a
tan
x
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sin
x
∼
1
2
x
3
log
a
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1
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∼
x
ln
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1
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a
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m
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x
\begin{gather*} x\sim \sin x \sim \arcsin x \sim (e^x−1) \sim \tan x \sim \arctan x \sim \ln{(1+x)} \sim \ln(x+ \sqrt{1+x^2}) \sim (x^2+x) \\ (1+x)^a-1 \thicksim ax \\ (1−\cos x) \sim \frac{1}{2}x^2 \sim{x-\ln{(1+x)}} \sim \sec{x-1} \sim e^x-1-x \\ (x−\sin x) \sim \frac{1}{6}x^3 \sim (\arcsin x−x) \\ (\tan x -x)\sim\frac{1}{3}x^3\sim(x-\arctan x) \\ a^x-1\sim x\ln a \\ \tan x -\sin x \sim \frac{1}{2}x^3 \\ \log_a(1+x)\sim \frac{x}{\ln a} \\ (1+ax)^b-1\sim abx,\ (1+ax)^{\frac{m}{n}}-1\sim \frac{m}{n}ax \\ (\sqrt[n]{1+x}-1)\sim \frac{x}{n} \\ \sqrt{(1+x)}-\sqrt{(1-x)} \sim x \\ \end{gather*}
x∼sinx∼arcsinx∼(ex−1)∼tanx∼arctanx∼ln(1+x)∼ln(x+1+x2)∼(x2+x)(1+x)a−1∼ax(1−cosx)∼21x2∼x−ln(1+x)∼secx−1∼ex−1−x(x−sinx)∼61x3∼(arcsinx−x)(tanx−x)∼31x3∼(x−arctanx)ax−1∼xlnatanx−sinx∼21x3loga(1+x)∼lnax(1+ax)b−1∼abx, (1+ax)nm−1∼nmax(n1+x−1)∼nx(1+x)−(1−x)∼x
推论,习题总结
基础篇P20【例21】
- x → 0 时, ln x = ln [ 1 + ( x − 1 ) ] ∼ x − 1 x\to 0时,\ln x=\ln [1+(x-1)]\sim x-1 x→0时,lnx=ln[1+(x−1)]∼x−1
- φ ( x ) → 1 时, ln φ ( x ) ∼ φ ( x ) − 1 \varphi(x)\to1 \text{时,}\ln \varphi(x)\sim\varphi(x)-1 φ(x)→1时,lnφ(x)∼φ(x)−1
常用无穷大
- 当
x
→
+
∞
x\to +\infty
x→+∞时,
ln α x ≪ x β ≪ a x ( α > 0 , β > 0 , a > 1 ) \ln^{\alpha}x \ll x^{\beta} \ll a^x \text{($\alpha>0$,$\beta>0$,$a>1$)} lnαx≪xβ≪ax(α>0,β>0,a>1) - 当
x
→
∞
x\to \infty
x→∞时,
ln α n ≪ n β ≪ a n ≪ n ! ≪ n n ( α > 0 , β > 0 , a > 1 ) \ln^{\alpha}n \ll n^{\beta} \ll a^n \ll n! \ll n^n \text{($\alpha>0$,$\beta>0$,$a>1$)} lnαn≪nβ≪an≪n!≪nn(α>0,β>0,a>1)