GStreamer——教程——基础教程5：GUI toolkit integration

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已于 2024-06-17 14:23:23 修改

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分类专栏： GStreamer 文章标签：图像处理算法

于 2024-06-17 11:19:34 首次发布

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/FREEDOM_X/article/details/139738294

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基础教程5：GUI toolkit integration（GUI工具包集成）

目标

这个教程展示了如何将GStreamer集成到像GTK+这样的图形用户界面（GUI）工具包中。基本上，GStreamer负责媒体播放，而GUI工具包处理用户交互。最有趣的部分是两个库必须进行交互的部分：指示GStreamer将视频输出到GTK+窗口，以及将用户操作转发给GStreamer。

特别是，您将学习：

如何告诉GStreamer将视频输出到特定窗口（而不是创建自己的窗口）。
如何使用来自GStreamer的信息连续刷新GUI。
如何从GStreamer的多个线程更新GUI，这在大多数GUI工具包上是禁止的操作。
一种仅订阅你感兴趣的消息的机制，而不是被通知所有消息。

介绍

我们打算使用GTK+工具包构建一个媒体播放器，但这些概念也适用于其他工具包，例如Qt。对GTK+的基本了解有助于理解本教程。

重点是告诉GStreamer将视频输出到我们选定的窗口。

一个常见问题是，GUI工具包通常只允许通过主线程（或应用程序线程）操作图形“小部件”，而GStreamer通常会生成多个线程来处理不同的任务。从回调函数中调用GTK+函数通常会失败，因为回调函数在调用线程中执行，而该线程不一定是主线程。这个问题可以通过在回调中向GStreamer总线发送消息来解决：这些消息将被主线程接收，然后主线程将相应地做出反应。

最后，到目前为止，我们已经注册了一个handle_message函数，每当总线上出现一条消息时就会调用它，这迫使我们解析每条消息以查看它是否对我们感兴趣。在本教程中使用了不同的方法，为每种类型的消息注册了一个回调，因此减少了解析和整体代码量。

GTK+中的媒体播放器

让我们基于playbin编写一个非常简单的媒体播放器，这次是一个GUI！

将此代码复制到名为basic-tutorial-5.c的文本文件中（或找到在您的GStreamer安装中）。

basic-tutorial-5.c

#include <string.h>

#include <gtk/gtk.h>
#include <gst/gst.h>
#include <gdk/gdk.h>

/* Structure to contain all our information, so we can pass it around */
typedef struct _CustomData {
  GstElement *playbin;           /* Our one and only pipeline */

  GtkWidget *sink_widget;         /* The widget where our video will be displayed */
  GtkWidget *slider;              /* Slider widget to keep track of current position */
  GtkWidget *streams_list;        /* Text widget to display info about the streams */
  gulong slider_update_signal_id; /* Signal ID for the slider update signal */

  GstState state;                 /* Current state of the pipeline */
  gint64 duration;                /* Duration of the clip, in nanoseconds */
} CustomData;

/* This function is called when the PLAY button is clicked */
static void play_cb (GtkButton *button, CustomData *data) {
  gst_element_set_state (data->playbin, GST_STATE_PLAYING);
}

/* This function is called when the PAUSE button is clicked */
static void pause_cb (GtkButton *button, CustomData *data) {
  gst_element_set_state (data->playbin, GST_STATE_PAUSED);
}

/* This function is called when the STOP button is clicked */
static void stop_cb (GtkButton *button, CustomData *data) {
  gst_element_set_state (data->playbin, GST_STATE_READY);
}

/* This function is called when the main window is closed */
static void delete_event_cb (GtkWidget *widget, GdkEvent *event, CustomData *data) {
  stop_cb (NULL, data);
  gtk_main_quit ();
}

/* This function is called when the slider changes its position. We perform a seek to the
 * new position here. */
static void slider_cb (GtkRange *range, CustomData *data) {
  gdouble value = gtk_range_get_value (GTK_RANGE (data->slider));
  gst_element_seek_simple (data->playbin, GST_FORMAT_TIME, GST_SEEK_FLAG_FLUSH | GST_SEEK_FLAG_KEY_UNIT,
      (gint64)(value * GST_SECOND));
}

/* This creates all the GTK+ widgets that compose our application, and registers the callbacks */
static void create_ui (CustomData *data) {
  GtkWidget *main_window;  /* The uppermost window, containing all other windows */
  GtkWidget *main_box;     /* VBox to hold main_hbox and the controls */
  GtkWidget *main_hbox;    /* HBox to hold the video sink and the stream info text widget */
  GtkWidget *controls;     /* HBox to hold the buttons and the slider */
  GtkWidget *play_button, *pause_button, *stop_button; /* Buttons */

  main_window = gtk_window_new (GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL);
  g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (main_window), "delete-event", G_CALLBACK (delete_event_cb), data);

  play_button = gtk_button_new_from_icon_name ("media-playback-start", GTK_ICON_SIZE_SMALL_TOOLBAR);
  g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (play_button), "clicked", G_CALLBACK (play_cb), data);

  pause_button = gtk_button_new_from_icon_name ("media-playback-pause", GTK_ICON_SIZE_SMALL_TOOLBAR);
  g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (pause_button), "clicked", G_CALLBACK (pause_cb), data);

  stop_button = gtk_button_new_from_icon_name ("media-playback-stop", GTK_ICON_SIZE_SMALL_TOOLBAR);
  g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (stop_button), "clicked", G_CALLBACK (stop_cb), data);

  data->slider = gtk_scale_new_with_range (GTK_ORIENTATION_HORIZONTAL, 0, 100, 1);
  gtk_scale_set_draw_value (GTK_SCALE (data->slider), 0);
  data->slider_update_signal_id = g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (data->slider), "value-changed", G_CALLBACK (slider_cb), data);

  data->streams_list = gtk_text_view_new ();
  gtk_text_view_set_editable (GTK_TEXT_VIEW (data->streams_list), FALSE);

  controls = gtk_box_new (GTK_ORIENTATION_HORIZONTAL, 0);
  gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (controls), play_button, FALSE, FALSE, 2);
  gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (controls), pause_button, FALSE, FALSE, 2);
  gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (controls), stop_button, FALSE, FALSE, 2);
  gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (controls), data->slider, TRUE, TRUE, 2);

  main_hbox = gtk_box_new (GTK_ORIENTATION_HORIZONTAL, 0);
  gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (main_hbox), data->sink_widget, TRUE, TRUE, 0);
  gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (main_hbox), data->streams_list, FALSE, FALSE, 2);

  main_box = gtk_box_new (GTK_ORIENTATION_VERTICAL, 0);
  gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (main_box), main_hbox, TRUE, TRUE, 0);
  gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (main_box), controls, FALSE, FALSE, 0);
  gtk_container_add (GTK_CONTAINER (main_window), main_box);
  gtk_window_set_default_size (GTK_WINDOW (main_window), 640, 480);

  gtk_widget_show_all (main_window);
}

/* This function is called periodically to refresh the GUI */
static gboolean refresh_ui (CustomData *data) {
  gint64 current = -1;

  /* We do not want to update anything unless we are in the PAUSED or PLAYING states */
  if (data->state < GST_STATE_PAUSED)
    return TRUE;

  /* If we didn't know it yet, query the stream duration */
  if (!GST_CLOCK_TIME_IS_VALID (data->duration)) {
    if (!gst_element_query_duration (data->playbin, GST_FORMAT_TIME, &data->duration)) {
      g_printerr ("Could not query current duration.\n");
    } else {
      /* Set the range of the slider to the clip duration, in SECONDS */
      gtk_range_set_range (GTK_RANGE (data->slider), 0, (gdouble)data->duration / GST_SECOND);
    }
  }

  if (gst_element_query_position (data->playbin, GST_FORMAT_TIME, &current)) {
    /* Block the "value-changed" signal, so the slider_cb function is not called
     * (which would trigger a seek the user has not requested) */
    g_signal_handler_block (data->slider, data->slider_update_signal_id);
    /* Set the position of the slider to the current pipeline position, in SECONDS */
    gtk_range_set_value (GTK_RANGE (data->slider), (gdouble)current / GST_SECOND);
    /* Re-enable the signal */
    g_signal_handler_unblock (data->slider, data->slider_update_signal_id);
  }
  return TRUE;
}

/* This function is called when new metadata is discovered in the stream */
static void tags_cb (GstElement *playbin, gint stream, CustomData *data) {
  /* We are possibly in a GStreamer working thread, so we notify the main
   * thread of this event through a message in the bus */
  gst_element_post_message (playbin,
    gst_message_new_application (GST_OBJECT (playbin),
      gst_structure_new_empty ("tags-changed")));
}

/* This function is called when an error message is posted on the bus */
static void error_cb (GstBus *bus, GstMessage *msg, CustomData *data) {
  GError *err;
  gchar *debug_info;

  /* Print error details on the screen */
  gst_message_parse_error (msg, &err, &debug_info);
  g_printerr ("Error received from element %s: %s\n", GST_OBJECT_NAME (msg->src), err->message);
  g_printerr ("Debugging information: %s\n", debug_info ? debug_info : "none");
  g_clear_error (&err);
  g_free (debug_info);

  /* Set the pipeline to READY (which stops playback) */
  gst_element_set_state (data->playbin, GST_STATE_READY);
}

/* This function is called when an End-Of-Stream message is posted on the bus.
 * We just set the pipeline to READY (which stops playback) */
static void eos_cb (GstBus *bus, GstMessage *msg, CustomData *data) {
  g_print ("End-Of-Stream reached.\n");
  gst_element_set_state (data->playbin, GST_STATE_READY);
}

/* This function is called when the pipeline changes states. We use it to
 * keep track of the current state. */
static void state_changed_cb (GstBus *bus, GstMessage *msg, CustomData *data) {
  GstState old_state, new_state, pending_state;
  gst_message_parse_state_changed (msg, &old_state, &new_state, &pending_state);
  if (GST_MESSAGE_SRC (msg) == GST_OBJECT (data->playbin)) {
    data->state = new_state;
    g_print ("State set to %s\n", gst_element_state_get_name (new_state));
    if (old_state == GST_STATE_READY && new_state == GST_STATE_PAUSED) {
      /* For extra responsiveness, we refresh the GUI as soon as we reach the PAUSED state */
      refresh_ui (data);
    }
  }
}

/* Extract metadata from all the streams and write it to the text widget in the GUI */
static void analyze_streams (CustomData *data) {
  gint i;
  GstTagList *tags;
  gchar *str, *total_str;
  guint rate;
  gint n_video, n_audio, n_text;
  GtkTextBuffer *text;

  /* Clean current contents of the widget */
  text = gtk_text_view_get_buffer (GTK_TEXT_VIEW (data->streams_list));
  gtk_text_buffer_set_text (text, "", -1);

  /* Read some properties */
  g_object_get (data->playbin, "n-video", &n_video, NULL);
  g_object_get (data->playbin, "n-audio", &n_audio, NULL);
  g_object_get (data->playbin, "n-text", &n_text, NULL);

  for (i = 0; i < n_video; i++) {
    tags = NULL;
    /* Retrieve the stream's video tags */
    g_signal_emit_by_name (data->playbin, "get-video-tags", i, &tags);
    if (tags) {
      total_str = g_strdup_printf ("video stream %d:\n", i);
      gtk_text_buffer_insert_at_cursor (text, total_str, -1);
      g_free (total_str);
      gst_tag_list_get_string (tags, GST_TAG_VIDEO_CODEC, &str);
      total_str = g_strdup_printf ("  codec: %s\n", str ? str : "unknown");
      gtk_text_buffer_insert_at_cursor (text, total_str, -1);
      g_free (total_str);
      g_free (str);
      gst_tag_list_free (tags);
    }
  }

  for (i = 0; i < n_audio; i++) {
    tags = NULL;
    /* Retrieve the stream's audio tags */
    g_signal_emit_by_name (data->playbin, "get-audio-tags", i, &tags);
    if (tags) {
      total_str = g_strdup_printf ("\naudio stream %d:\n", i);
      gtk_text_buffer_insert_at_cursor (text, total_str, -1);
      g_free (total_str);
      if (gst_tag_list_get_string (tags, GST_TAG_AUDIO_CODEC, &str)) {
        total_str = g_strdup_printf ("  codec: %s\n", str);
        gtk_text_buffer_insert_at_cursor (text, total_str, -1);
        g_free (total_str);
        g_free (str);
      }
      if (gst_tag_list_get_string (tags, GST_TAG_LANGUAGE_CODE, &str)) {
        total_str = g_strdup_printf ("  language: %s\n", str);
        gtk_text_buffer_insert_at_cursor (text, total_str, -1);
        g_free (total_str);
        g_free (str);
      }
      if (gst_tag_list_get_uint (tags, GST_TAG_BITRATE, &rate)) {
        total_str = g_strdup_printf ("  bitrate: %d\n", rate);
        gtk_text_buffer_insert_at_cursor (text, total_str, -1);
        g_free (total_str);
      }
      gst_tag_list_free (tags);
    }
  }

  for (i = 0; i < n_text; i++) {
    tags = NULL;
    /* Retrieve the stream's subtitle tags */
    g_signal_emit_by_name (data->playbin, "get-text-tags", i, &tags);
    if (tags) {
      total_str = g_strdup_printf ("\nsubtitle stream %d:\n", i);
      gtk_text_buffer_insert_at_cursor (text, total_str, -1);
      g_free (total_str);
      if (gst_tag_list_get_string (tags, GST_TAG_LANGUAGE_CODE, &str)) {
        total_str = g_strdup_printf ("  language: %s\n", str);
        gtk_text_buffer_insert_at_cursor (text, total_str, -1);
        g_free (total_str);
        g_free (str);
      }
      gst_tag_list_free (tags);
    }
  }
}

/* This function is called when an "application" message is posted on the bus.
 * Here we retrieve the message posted by the tags_cb callback */
static void application_cb (GstBus *bus, GstMessage *msg, CustomData *data) {
  if (g_strcmp0 (gst_structure_get_name (gst_message_get_structure (msg)), "tags-changed") == 0) {
    /* If the message is the "tags-changed" (only one we are currently issuing), update
     * the stream info GUI */
    analyze_streams (data);
  }
}

int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
  CustomData data;
  GstStateChangeReturn ret;
  GstBus *bus;
  GstElement *gtkglsink, *videosink;

  /* Initialize GTK */
  gtk_init (&argc, &argv);

  /* Initialize GStreamer */
  gst_init (&argc, &argv);

  /* Initialize our data structure */
  memset (&data, 0, sizeof (data));
  data.duration = GST_CLOCK_TIME_NONE;

  /* Create the elements */
  data.playbin = gst_element_factory_make ("playbin", "playbin");
  videosink = gst_element_factory_make ("glsinkbin", "glsinkbin");
  gtkglsink = gst_element_factory_make ("gtkglsink", "gtkglsink");

  /* Here we create the GTK Sink element which will provide us with a GTK widget where
   * GStreamer will render the video at and we can add to our UI.
   * Try to create the OpenGL version of the video sink, and fallback if that fails */
  if (gtkglsink != NULL && videosink != NULL) {
    g_printerr ("Successfully created GTK GL Sink");

    g_object_set (videosink, "sink", gtkglsink, NULL);

    /* The gtkglsink creates the gtk widget for us. This is accessible through a property.
     * So we get it and use it later to add it to our gui. */
    g_object_get (gtkglsink, "widget", &data.sink_widget, NULL);
  } else {
    g_printerr ("Could not create gtkglsink, falling back to gtksink.\n");

    videosink = gst_element_factory_make ("gtksink", "gtksink");
    g_object_get (videosink, "widget", &data.sink_widget, NULL);
  }

  if (!data.playbin || !videosink) {
    g_printerr ("Not all elements could be created.\n");
    return -1;
  }

  /* Set the URI to play */
  g_object_set (data.playbin, "uri", "https://gstreamer.freedesktop.org/data/media/sintel_trailer-480p.webm", NULL);

  /* Set the video-sink  */
  g_object_set (data.playbin, "video-sink", videosink, NULL);

  /* Connect to interesting signals in playbin */
  g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (data.playbin), "video-tags-changed", (GCallback) tags_cb, &data);
  g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (data.playbin), "audio-tags-changed", (GCallback) tags_cb, &data);
  g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (data.playbin), "text-tags-changed", (GCallback) tags_cb, &data);

  /* Create the GUI */
  create_ui (&data);

  /* Instruct the bus to emit signals for each received message, and connect to the interesting signals */
  bus = gst_element_get_bus (data.playbin);
  gst_bus_add_signal_watch (bus);
  g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (bus), "message::error", (GCallback)error_cb, &data);
  g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (bus), "message::eos", (GCallback)eos_cb, &data);
  g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (bus), "message::state-changed", (GCallback)state_changed_cb, &data);
  g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (bus), "message::application", (GCallback)application_cb, &data);
  gst_object_unref (bus);

  /* Start playing */
  ret = gst_element_set_state (data.playbin, GST_STATE_PLAYING);
  if (ret == GST_STATE_CHANGE_FAILURE) {
    g_printerr ("Unable to set the pipeline to the playing state.\n");
    gst_object_unref (data.playbin);
    gst_object_unref (videosink);
    return -1;
  }

  /* Register a function that GLib will call every second */
  g_timeout_add_seconds (1, (GSourceFunc)refresh_ui, &data);

  /* Start the GTK main loop. We will not regain control until gtk_main_quit is called. */
  gtk_main ();

  /* Free resources */
  gst_element_set_state (data.playbin, GST_STATE_NULL);
  gst_object_unref (data.playbin);
  gst_object_unref (videosink);

  return 0;
}

需要帮助吗？

如果您需要帮助来编译此代码，请参阅构建适用于您的平台（Linux、Mac OS X或Windows）的教程部分，或在Linux上使用此特定命令：

gcc basic-tutorial-5.c -o basic-tutorial-5 `pkg-config --cflags --libs gtk+-3.0 gstreamer-1.0`

如果您需要运行此代码的帮助，请参阅适用于您的平台（Linux、Mac OS X或Windows）的运行教程部分。

本教程将打开一个GTK+窗口并显示一个电影，并附带音频。媒体是从Internet获取的，因此窗口可能需要几秒钟才能显示，具体取决于您的连接速度。窗口中有一些GTK+按钮，用于播放，停止和播放电影，还有一个滑块用于显示流的当前位置，可以拖动以更改它。此外，有关流的信息显示在窗口右边缘的一列上。

请记住，没有延迟管理（缓冲），因此在慢速连接中，电影可能会在几秒钟后停止。请参阅基本教程12：流处理如何解决此问题。

所需库：gtk+-3.0 gstreamer-1.0

工作流

关于本教程的结构，我们不打算使用 forward 函数定义：函数将在被定义之前被定义。此外，为了解释清晰，代码片段的呈现顺序不总是与程序顺序相匹配。使用行号在完整代码中定位这些片段。

本教程主要由将从GStreamer或GTK+调用的回调函数组成，因此让我们回顾一下注册所有这些回调的主函数。

int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
  CustomData data;
  GstStateChangeReturn ret;
  GstBus *bus;
  GstElement *gtkglsink, *videosink;

  /* Initialize GTK */
  gtk_init (&argc, &argv);

  /* Initialize GStreamer */
  gst_init (&argc, &argv);

  /* Initialize our data structure */
  memset (&data, 0, sizeof (data));
  data.duration = GST_CLOCK_TIME_NONE;

  /* Create the elements */
  data.playbin = gst_element_factory_make ("playbin", "playbin");
  videosink = gst_element_factory_make ("glsinkbin", "glsinkbin");
  gtkglsink = gst_element_factory_make ("gtkglsink", "gtkglsink");

  /* Here we create the GTK Sink element which will provide us with a GTK widget where
   * GStreamer will render the video at and we can add to our UI.
   * Try to create the OpenGL version of the video sink, and fallback if that fails */
  if ((gtkglsink) && (videosink)) {
    g_printerr ("Successfully created GTK GL Sink");

    g_object_set (videosink, "sink", gtkglsink, NULL);

    /* The gtkglsink creates the gtk widget for us. This is accessible through a property.
     * So we get it and use it later to add it to our gui. */
    g_object_get (gtkglsink, "widget", &data.sink_widget, NULL);
  } else {
    g_printerr ("Could not create gtkglsink, falling back to gtksink.\n");

    videosink = gst_element_factory_make ("gtksink", "gtksink");
    g_object_get (videosink, "widget", &data.sink_widget, NULL);
  }

  if ((!data.playbin) || (!videosink)) {
    g_printerr ("Not all elements could be created.\n");
    return -1;
  }

  /* Set the URI to play */
  g_object_set (data.playbin, "uri", "https://gstreamer.freedesktop.org/data/media/sintel_trailer-480p.webm", NULL);

  /* Set the video-sink  */
  g_object_set (data.playbin, "video-sink", videosink, NULL);

标准的GStreamer初始化和playbin管道创建，以及GTK初始化。我们还创建了视频sink元素，它将渲染到GTK小部件中。我们将在稍后的UI中使用这个小部件。

 /* Connect to interesting signals in playbin */
  g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (data.playbin), "video-tags-changed", (GCallback) tags_cb, &data);
  g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (data.playbin), "audio-tags-changed", (GCallback) tags_cb, &data);
  g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (data.playbin), "text-tags-changed", (GCallback) tags_cb, &data);

我们对流上出现新标签（元数据）时收到通知感兴趣。为了简单起见，我们将在同一个回调函数tags_cb中处理所有类型的标签（视频、音频和文本）。

/* Create the GUI */
create_ui (&data);

所有GTK+小部件的创建和信号注册都发生在这个函数中。它只包含与GTK相关的函数调用，所以我们将跳过它的定义。它注册的信号传达了用户的命令，如下所示，在回顾回调时会看到。

  /* Instruct the bus to emit signals for each received message, and connect to the interesting signals */
  bus = gst_element_get_bus (data.playbin);
  gst_bus_add_signal_watch (bus);
  g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (bus), "message::error", (GCallback)error_cb, &data);
  g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (bus), "message::eos", (GCallback)eos_cb, &data);
  g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (bus), "message::state-changed", (GCallback)state_changed_cb, &data);
  g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (bus), "message::application", (GCallback)application_cb, &data);
  gst_object_unref (bus);

在播放教程1：Playbin用法中，

gst_bus_add_watch()用于注册一个接收GStreamer总线上发布的消息的函数。通过使用信号，我们可以实现更精细的粒度，它允许我们只注册我们感兴趣的消息。通过调用gst_bus_add_signal_watch()，我们指示总线在每次收到消息时发出信号。该信号的名称为message::detail，其中detail是触发信号发射的消息。例如，当总线收到EOS消息时，它会发出一个名为message::eos的信号。

本教程使用Signals的细节来仅注册我们关心的消息。如果我们注册到message信号，我们会像gst_bus_add_watch()那样被通知每一个单一消息。

请记住，为了让总线监视工作（无论是gst_bus_add_watch()还是gst_bus_add_signal_watch()），必须运行GLib主循环。在这种情况下，它隐藏在GTK+主循环内。

/* Register a function that GLib will call every second */
g_timeout_add_seconds (1, (GSourceFunc)refresh_ui, &data);

在将控制权转移给GTK+之前，我们使用g_timeout_add_seconds()再次注册回调，这次是带有超时的回调，所以它每秒被调用一次。我们将在refresh_ui函数中使用它刷新GUI。

之后，我们完成了设置并可以启动GTK+主循环。当发生有趣的事情时，我们将从回调中重新获得控制权。让我们回顾一下回调。每个回调的签名不同，取决于谁将调用它。你可以在信号的文档中查找签名（参数和返回值的含义）。

/* This function is called when the PLAY button is clicked */
static void play_cb (GtkButton *button, CustomData *data) {
  gst_element_set_state (data->playbin, GST_STATE_PLAYING);
}

/* This function is called when the PAUSE button is clicked */
static void pause_cb (GtkButton *button, CustomData *data) {
  gst_element_set_state (data->playbin, GST_STATE_PAUSED);
}

/* This function is called when the STOP button is clicked */
static void stop_cb (GtkButton *button, CustomData *data) {
  gst_element_set_state (data->playbin, GST_STATE_READY);
}

这三个小回调与GUI中的播放、暂停和停止按钮相关联。它们只是将管道设置为相应的状态。注意，在停止状态中，我们将管道设置为就绪状态。我们可以将管道完全降至NULL状态，但过渡会稍慢一些，因为需要释放并重新获取一些资源（如音频设备）。

/* This function is called when the main window is closed */
static void delete_event_cb (GtkWidget *widget, GdkEvent *event, CustomData *data) {
  stop_cb (NULL, data);
  gtk_main_quit ();
}

gtk_main_quit()最终会使gtk_main_run()在main中的调用终止，在这种情况下，它结束程序。在这里，我们在主窗口关闭后调用它，停止管道（只是为了整洁）。

/* This function is called when the slider changes its position. We perform a seek to the
 * new position here. */
static void slider_cb (GtkRange *range, CustomData *data) {
  gdouble value = gtk_range_get_value (GTK_RANGE (data->slider));
  gst_element_seek_simple (data->playbin, GST_FORMAT_TIME, GST_SEEK_FLAG_FLUSH | GST_SEEK_FLAG_KEY_UNIT,
      (gint64)(value * GST_SECOND));
}

这是一个例子，展示了如何通过GStreamer和GTK+的协作，非常容易地实现像seeker bar（或允许seek的滑块）这样的复杂GUI元素。如果滑块被拖动到新的位置，使用gst_element_seek_simple()告诉GStreamer seek到那个位置（如基础教程4：时间管理中所见）。滑块已被设置，使其值代表秒数。值得一提的是，通过进行一些节流处理（也就是说，不响应每一个用户请求seek），可以获得一些性能（和响应性）提升。由于seek操作需要一些时间，等待半秒（例如）之后再允许另一个seek通常是更好的选择。否则，如果用户疯狂地拖动滑块，应用程序可能会看起来无响应，因为在新的seek排队之前，任何seek都无法完成。

/* This function is called periodically to refresh the GUI */
static gboolean refresh_ui (CustomData *data) {
  gint64 current = -1;

  /* We do not want to update anything unless we are in the PAUSED or PLAYING states */
  if (data->state < GST_STATE_PAUSED)
    return TRUE;

这个函数将移动滑块以反映媒体的当前位置。首先，如果我们不处于播放状态，我们在这里没有什么可做的（另外，位置和持续时间查询通常会失败）。

/* If we didn't know it yet, query the stream duration */
if (!GST_CLOCK_TIME_IS_VALID (data->duration)) {
  if (!gst_element_query_duration (data->playbin, GST_FORMAT_TIME, &data->duration)) {
    g_printerr ("Could not query current duration.\n");
  } else {
    /* Set the range of the slider to the clip duration, in SECONDS */
    gtk_range_set_range (GTK_RANGE (data->slider), 0, (gdouble)data->duration / GST_SECOND);
  }
}

如果我们不知道剪辑的持续时间，我们会恢复它，以便为滑块设置范围。

if (gst_element_query_position (data->playbin, GST_FORMAT_TIME, &current)) {
  /* Block the "value-changed" signal, so the slider_cb function is not called
   * (which would trigger a seek the user has not requested) */
  g_signal_handler_block (data->slider, data->slider_update_signal_id);
  /* Set the position of the slider to the current pipeline position, in SECONDS */
  gtk_range_set_value (GTK_RANGE (data->slider), (gdouble)current / GST_SECOND);
  /* Re-enable the signal */
  g_signal_handler_unblock (data->slider, data->slider_update_signal_id);
}
return TRUE;

我们查询当前的管道位置，并相应地设置滑块的位置。这将触发value-changed信号的发射，我们使用它来知道用户何时拖动滑块。由于我们不希望在用户请求之外发生seek，所以我们在这个操作期间使用g_signal_handler_block()和g_signal_handler_unblock()禁用value-changed信号的发射。

从此函数返回TRUE将使其在未来继续被调用。如果返回FALSE，定时器将被移除。

/* This function is called when new metadata is discovered in the stream */
static void tags_cb (GstElement *playbin, gint stream, CustomData *data) {
  /* We are possibly in a GStreamer working thread, so we notify the main
   * thread of this event through a message in the bus */
  gst_element_post_message (playbin,
    gst_message_new_application (GST_OBJECT (playbin),
      gst_structure_new_empty ("tags-changed")));
}

这是本教程的关键要点之一。当在媒体中发现新标签时，此函数将被调用，从流线程中，也就是说，从应用程序（或主）线程之外的其他线程中。我们在这里要做的是更新一个GTK+小部件以反映这个新信息，但GTK+不允许从除主线之外的线操作。解决方案是让playbin在总线上发布一条消息并返回给调用线程。在适当的时候，主线程将捡起这条消息并更新GTK。

gst_element_post_message()使GStreamer元素将给定的消息发布到总线。gst_message_new_application()创建一个应用程序类型的新消息。GStreamer消息有不同的类型，这个特定类型保留给应用程序：它将通过GStreamer不受影响的总线。类型列表可以在GstMessageType文档中找到。

消息可以通过其嵌入的GstStructure传递附加信息，这是一个非常灵活的数据容器。在这里，我们使用gst_structure_new()创建一个新的结构，并将其命名为tags-changed，以避免在我们想要发送其他应用程序消息的情况下混淆。

稍后，一旦进入主线程，总线将接收到这个消息并发出message::application信号，我们已经将其与application_cb函数关联：

/* This function is called when an "application" message is posted on the bus.
 * Here we retrieve the message posted by the tags_cb callback */
static void application_cb (GstBus *bus, GstMessage *msg, CustomData *data) {
  if (g_strcmp0 (gst_structure_get_name (gst_message_get_structure (msg)), "tags-changed") == 0) {
    /* If the message is the "tags-changed" (only one we are currently issuing), update
     * the stream info GUI */
    analyze_streams (data);
  }
}

一旦我们确定这是tags-changed消息，我们就调用analyze_streams函数，该函数也在播放教程1：Playbin用法，并且在其中有更详细的说明。它基本上从流中恢复标签并将它们写入GUI中的文本小部件。

error_cb、eos_cb和state_changed_cb实际上不值得解释，因为它们所做的与所有以前的教程相同，但现在是在自己的函数中完成。

就是这样！本教程中的代码量可能看起来令人生畏，但所需概念却很少且简单。如果你已经跟随了以前的教程并且对GTK有一点了解，你可能已经理解了这个教程，现在可以享受你自己的媒体播放器了！

运行

如果这个媒体播放器对你来说还不够好，尝试将显示有关流的信息的文本小部件更改为适当的列表视图（或树视图）。然后，当用户选择不同的流时，让GStreamer切换流！要切换流，你需要阅读播放教程1：Playbin用法。

结论

本教程显示：

如何将视频输出到特定的GTK小部件，使用gtksink元素
如何通过使用g_timeout_add_seconds()注册超时回调来定期刷新GUI
如何通过总线上的应用程序消息将信息传递到主线程，使用gst_element_post_message()
如何通过使总线发出信号来仅通知感兴趣的消息，使用gst_bus_add_signal_watch()并根据信号详细信息在所有消息类型中进行区分

这允许你构建一个具有适当图形用户界面的相当完整的媒体播放器。

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GStreamer——教程——基础教程5：GUI toolkit integration

在这里，我们使用gst_structure_new()创建一个新的结构，并将其命名为tags-changed，以避免在我们想要发送其他应用程序消息的情况下混淆。最后，到目前为止，我们已经注册了一个handle_message函数，每当总线上出现一条消息时就会调用它，这迫使我们解析每条消息以查看它是否对我们感兴趣。注意，在停止状态中，我们将管道设置为就绪状态。在将控制权转移给GTK+之前，我们使用g_timeout_add_seconds()再次注册回调，这次是带有超时的回调，所以它每秒被调用一次。
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