值初始化和列表初始化的探究[more cpp-3]

在CPP中，类是最关键的语法，而类中，初始化又是关键的地方，它决定了类的内存如何分布，编译器如何new出这个类，最常见的两种初始化方法，分别是

• 值初始化形如OBJ obj1(1,2,3)；的初始化方式
• 列表初始化：形如OBJ obj2={1，2，3}也有OBJ obj3{1,2,3};这种写法

这两种初始化方式有何异同？下面跟随笔者来一起看看函数的调用关系吧吧

struct OBlock {}oblock;

std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, OBlock ob){os << "\t";return os;}

struct test
{
	int a;
	int b;
	int c;
};

int main()
{
	//test t1(1, 2, 3);警告，没有匹配的类型
	test t1 = { 1,2,3 };
	cout << t1.a << oblock << t1.b << oblock << t1.c;
	return 0;
}

$$结论：在没有构造函数的类中，列表初始化比值初始化更泛用，它从上到下的赋值$$

struct test
{
	int a;
	int b;
	int c;
	test(int i1, int i2, int i3)
	{
		c = i1; b = i2; a = i3;
		cout << "build fun is called" << endl;
	}
};

std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, test t1) { os << t1.a << oblock << t1.b << oblock << t1.c<<endl;; return os; }

int main()
{
	test t1(1, 2, 3);
	test t2 = { 1,2,3 };
	
	cout << t1;
	cout << t2;

	return 0;
}

运行结果

build fun is called
build fun is called
3       2       1
3       2       1

$$结论：在显式的具有构造函数而没有列表化初始器的类中，值初始化和列表初始化都调用构造函数$$

struct test
{
	int a;
	int b;
	int c;
	test(int i1, int i2, int i3)
	{
		c = i1; b = i2; a = i3;
		cout << "build fun is called" << endl;
	}
	test(std::initializer_list<int> initl)
	{
		a = b = c = 0;
		cout << "build fun 2is called" << endl;
	}
};

std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, test t1)
{ os << t1.a << oblock << t1.b << oblock << t1.c<<endl;; return os; }



int main()
{
	test t1(1, 2, 3);
	test t2 = { 1,2,3 };
	
	cout << t1;
	cout << t2;
	return 0;
}

结果

build fun is called
build fun 2is called
3       2       1
0       0       0

$$\begin{gathered} 结论：在具有构造函数和列表初始化器的类中，值初始化偏向调用构造函数， \\ 而列表初始化偏向调用列表初始化器函数 \end{gathered}$$