第1章 概述

第一章 概述

考试范围： 1.1-1.10

考试内容： 章节后的Review Terms（名词基本都在课文中）

考试题型： 综合题

Review Terms

• Database-management system (DBMS) ：A collection of interrelated data and a set of programs to access those data.

  数据库管理系统（DBMS）：一组相关数据和一组访问这些数据的程序。

• Database-system applications：A database application is a computer program whose primary purpose is entering and retrieving information from a computerized database.

  数据库系统应用程序：数据库应用程序是一种计算机程序，其主要目的是从计算机化数据库中输入和检索信息。

• Online transaction processing：A large number of users use the database, with each user retrieving relatively small amounts of data, and performing small updates. This is the primary mode of use for the vast majority of users of database applications such as those that we outlined earlier.

  在线事务处理：大量用户使用数据库，每个用户检索相对少量的数据，并执行少量更新。这是绝大多数数据库应用程序用户的主要使用模式，如我们前面概述的。

• Data analytics：the processing of data to draw conclusions, and infer rules or decision procedures, which are then used to drive business decisions.

  数据分析：对数据进行处理以得出结论，并推断规则或决策程序，然后用于推动业务决策。

• File-processing systems：In computing, a file system or file-processing system controls how data is stored and retrieved.

  文件处理系统：在计算中，文件系统或文件处理系统控制数据的存储和检索方式。

• Data inconsistency：Data inconsistency is a condition that occurs between files when similar data is kept in different formats in two different files, or when matching of data must be done between files.

  数据不一致：当相似数据以不同格式保存在两个不同的文件中时，或者当必须在文件之间进行数据匹配时，文件之间会出现数据不一致的情况。

• Consistency constraints：Consistency in database systems refers to the requirement that any given database transaction must change affected data only in allowed ways. Any data written to the database must be valid according to all defined rules, including constraints, cascades, triggers, and any combination thereof.

  一致性约束：数据库系统中的一致性是指任何给定的数据库事务必须以允许的方式更改受影响的数据。根据所有定义的规则，写入数据库的任何数据都必须有效，包括约束、级联、触发器及其任何组合。

• Data abstraction：Data abstraction enforces a clear separation between the abstract properties of a data type and the concrete details of its implementation.

  数据抽象：数据抽象在数据类型的抽象属性与其实现的具体细节之间实现了明确的分离。

• Physical level：The lowest level of abstraction describes how the data are actually stored. The physical level describes complex low-level data structures in detail.

  物理级别：最低抽象级别描述了数据的实际存储方式。物理层详细描述了复杂的低级数据结构。

• Logical level：The next-higher level of abstraction describes what data are stored in the database, and what relationships exist among those data. The logical level thus describes the entire database in terms of a small number of relatively simple structures.

  逻辑级别：下一个更高级别的抽象描述了数据库中存储的数据以及这些数据之间存在的关系。因此，逻辑层以少量相对简单的结构来描述整个数据库。

• View level：The highest level of abstraction describes only part of the entire database. Even though the logical level uses simpler structures, complexity remains because of the variety of information stored in a large database. Many users of the database system do not need al this information; instead, they need to access only a part of the database. The view level of abstraction exists to simplify their interaction with the system. The system may provide many views for the same database.

  视图级别：最高抽象级别仅描述整个数据库的一部分。尽管逻辑层使用更简单的结构，但由于存储在大型数据库中的信息种类繁多，复杂性仍然存在。数据库系统的许多用户不需要所有这些信息；相反，他们只需要访问数据库的一部分。抽象的视图级别是为了简化它们与系统的交互。该系统可以为同一数据库提供许多视图。

• Instance：The collection of information stored in the database at a particular moment.

  实例：特定时刻存储在数据库中的信息集合。

• Schema：The overall design of the database.

  架构：数据库的总体设计。

• Physical schema：The physical schema describes tl he database design at the physical level. physical schema is a term used in data management to describe how data is to be represented and stored (files, indices) in secondary storage using a particular database management system (DBMS).

  物理模式：物理模式描述了物理级别的数据库设计。物理模式是数据管理中使用的术语，用于描述如何使用特定的数据库管理系统（DBMS）在辅助存储中表示和存储数据（文件、索引）。

• Logical schema：logical schema is a data model of a specific problem domain expressed independently of a particular database management product or storage technology (physical data model) but in terms of data structures such as relational tables and columns, object-oriented classes, or XML tags.

  逻辑模式：逻辑模式是一个特定问题领域的数据模型，独立于特定的数据库管理产品或存储技术（物理数据模型），但以关系表和列、面向对象类或XML标记等数据结构表示。

Subschema：A database may also have several schemas at the view level sometimes called subschemas, that describe different views of the database.

​ 子模式：数据库在视图级别也可能有多个模式，有时称为子模式，用于描述数据库的不同视图。