Android中HashMap的简单理解

我尽量不打错别字,用词准确,不造成阅读障碍。

注:本文基于Android API 24 Platform 中 android.jar下的HashMap,跟Oracle的JDK 1.8 还是很多不一样的,Oracle使用的是红黑树,差别挺大,似乎和Oracle的JDK 1.6 很像。

看源码是很枯燥的,请静下心来。

一. 基本知识

1.HashMap是一个散列表,存储是基于键值对(key-value)的映射。

2.HashMap继承AbstractMap,实现了Map、Cloneable、Serializable接口。

3.HashMap是线程不安全的,不同步,且key、value可以为null,与之相反的是HashTable——安全、同步、不可为null;最后,它不是有序的,有序的是TreeMap。

HashMap是数组与链表的结合,也就是说数组中的元素是链表的结点。

HashMap有几个重要的参数:负载因子初始容量

初始容量:表示HashMap的初始大小,也就是默认大小。

负载因子:当HashMap容量不够的时候需要扩容,负载因子就是限定扩容的条件,默认是0.75,即达到默认/初次指定容量的75%就扩容,每次扩容2倍,即<< 1。

HashCode:请百度,用来确定数组下标。

HashMap是通过“拉链法”实现的哈希表。

HashMap有几个重要的成员变量:

table:数组名;

size:HashMap的大小,保存的键值对数量;

threshold:阈值,用于判断是否扩容,threshold=容量*负载因子;

loadFactor:负载因子;

modCount:实现fail-fast机制,当表中数据发生变化时会加1,如put()和clear()时。

主要API

返回值方法名
voidclear()
Objectclone()
booleancontainsKey(Object key)
booleancontainsValue(Object value)
Set<Entry<K,V>>entrySet()
Vget(Object key)
booleanisEmpty()
SetkeySet()
Vput(K key,V value)
voidputAll(Map< ? extends K,?extends V> map)
Vremove(Object key)
intsize()
Collectionvalues()

二.源码解释

数组
/**
 * An empty table instance to share when the table is not inflated.
 * Orcle的JDK中名字叫Node<K,V>
 */
static final HashMapEntry<?,?>[] EMPTY_TABLE = {};

/**
 * The table, resized as necessary. Length MUST Always be a power of two.
 * Orcle的JDK中名字叫Node<K,V>
 */
transient HashMapEntry<K,V>[] table = (HashMapEntry<K,V>[]) EMPTY_TABLE;

数组名叫table,初始化时为空。

HashMapEntry是HashMap的静态内部类,数据节点都保存在这里面:

static class HashMapEntry<K,V> implements Map.Entry<K,V> {
    final K key;
    V value;
    HashMapEntry<K,V> next;  //下一个结点
    int hash;

    HashMapEntry(int h, K k, V v, HashMapEntry<K,V> n) {
        value = v;
        next = n;
        key = k;
        hash = h;
    }

    public final K getKey() {
       return key;
    }

    public final V getValue() {
       return value;
    }

    public final V setValue(V newValue) {
       V oldValue = value;
       value = newValue;
       return oldValue;
    }

    //判断是不是相等,key和value都要相等才会返回true
    //Orcle的JDK写法这里不一样,但是都是同时比较key和value才可以
    public final boolean equals(Object o) {
        if (!(o instanceof Map.Entry))
             return false;
        Map.Entry e = (Map.Entry)o;
        Object k1 = getKey();
        Object k2 = e.getKey();
        if (k1 == k2 || (k1 != null && k1.equals(k2))) {
             Object v1 = getValue();
             Object v2 = e.getValue();
             if (v1 == v2 || (v1 != null && v1.equals(v2)))
                 return true;
        }
          return false;
    }

    //获取hashCode
    public final int hashCode() {
        return Objects.hashCode(getKey()) ^ Objects.hashCode(getValue());
    }

    public final String toString() {
        return getKey() + "=" + getValue();
    }

    /**
     * This method is invoked whenever the value in an entry is
     * overwritten by an invocation of put(k,v) for a key k that's already
     * in the HashMap.
     * 往hashMap里面添加元素时调用这个方法
     */
     void recordAccess(HashMap<K,V> m) {
     }

     /**
      * This method is invoked whenever the entry is
      * removed from the table.
      * 往hashMap里面删除元素时调用这个方法
      */
      void recordRemoval(HashMap<K,V> m) {
      }
  }
构造方法

构造方法只有四个,官方注释我就删掉了,太长。

//2参构造方法,一般都会走到这,接受初始大小和负载因子
public HashMap(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor) {
        if (initialCapacity < 0)
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal initial capacity: " + initialCapacity);
        //不能超过最大容量,最大容量是 1<<30; 即左移30位
        if (initialCapacity > MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) {
            initialCapacity = MAXIMUM_CAPACITY;
        } else if (initialCapacity < DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY) {
            //不能小于默认大小,否则就改为默认大小
            initialCapacity = DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY;
        }

        if (loadFactor <= 0 || Float.isNaN(loadFactor))
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal load factor: " + loadFactor);
        // Android-Note: We always use the default load factor of 0.75f.
        // This might appear wrong but it's just awkward design. We always call
        // inflateTable() when table == EMPTY_TABLE. That method will take "threshold"
        // to mean "capacity" and then replace it with the real threshold (i.e, multiplied with
        // the load factor).
        threshold = initialCapacity;   //将指定大小赋值给扩容标识,用于后来扩容的判断
        init();   //这是个空方法,子类可重写
    }

    //1参构造方法,指定初始大小
    public HashMap(int initialCapacity) {
        this(initialCapacity, DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR);
    }

    //无参构造方法,调用2参构造方法
    public HashMap() {
        //参数分别为;默认大小,负载因子,Orcale的JDK为16,Android Open JDK为4(没错),必须是2的次方
        this(DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY, DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR);
    }
  
    //这个方法先调用2参构造方法,然后扩容,直接扩容;创建一个包含“子map”的HashMap
    public HashMap(Map<? extends K, ? extends V> m) {
        this(Math.max((int) (m.size() / DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR) + 1, DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY),                                                  DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR);
        inflateTable(threshold);
        putAllForCreate(m);  //将map中元素逐个添加到HashMap中。
    }

put方法

最常用的方法之一,所以先介绍一下;

 public V put(K key, V value) {
        if (table == EMPTY_TABLE) {
          //如果数组是空的,但是有数据要put,则直接扩容
            inflateTable(threshold);
        }
        if (key == null)
          //如果key是null的,则将数据放入下标为0的数组第一个元素中,即table[0]中
            return putForNullKey(value);
        //获取hash值
        int hash = sun.misc.Hashing.singleWordWangJenkinsHash(key);
        //确定数组下标
        int i = indexFor(hash, table.length);
        //从数组下标处开始遍历链表,
        //如果key相等,就将新的value替换旧的value,将旧的Value返回
        //注意这里是新值替换旧值
        for (HashMapEntry<K,V> e = table[i]; e != null; e = e.next) {
            Object k;
            if (e.hash == hash && ((k = e.key) == key || key.equals(k))) {
                V oldValue = e.value;
                e.value = value;
                //这是个空方法
                e.recordAccess(this);
                return oldValue;
            }
        }
        modCount++;  //记录数据改动了一次,只有新的元素添加会+1,重复元素直接在for循环里就返回了
        addEntry(hash, key, value, i);//新的元素添加至Map中
        return null;
    }

总的来说就是,先判断是否为null,是null就放到table[0]中,table[0]也是一个链表,也是旧的替换新的,将旧的返回,新元素则将modCount++,并调用addEntry(0,null,value,0);注意我这里的参数是确定值。不是null就获取hash值,确定数组下标(return hash & table.length - 1;),从确定的数组下标位置开始遍历链表,key相等就新的value替换旧的value,返回旧的value,是新元素就modCount + 1,元素添加至Map中。 这就是解决hash冲突常用的方法之一——拉链法。Oracle的put方法与Android Open JDK有较大出入,Oracle用的是红黑树。

addEntry方法(注意扩容是2倍)

void addEntry(int hash, K key, V value, int bucketIndex) {
        //若大小超过了阈值并且确认所设置的数组下标为null,则扩容2倍
        if ((size >= threshold) && (null != table[bucketIndex])) {
            resize(2 * table.length);
            hash = (null != key) ? sun.misc.Hashing.singleWordWangJenkinsHash(key) : 0;
            bucketIndex = indexFor(hash, table.length);
        }
        //元素添加至数组中
        createEntry(hash, key, value, bucketIndex);
    }

createEntry方法很简单:

void createEntry(int hash, K key, V value, int bucketIndex) {
        HashMapEntry<K,V> e = table[bucketIndex];
        table[bucketIndex] = new HashMapEntry<>(hash, key, value, e);
        size++;
    }

将元素放入数组下标处,并size++;

这里inflateTable和resize都是扩容,但是我感觉resize才是真正的扩容,inflateTable是创建了一个新的HashMapEntry对象,长度为新指定的长度,并赋值给table,感觉比较适合没有数据时的初始时扩容,事实上,大多数情况下,该方法都是在table为空时需要扩容时调用。resize则是会new一个新的数组,将旧数组的内容加入新数组中,并重新调整阈值。

resize方法:

 void resize(int newCapacity) {
        HashMapEntry[] oldTable = table;
        int oldCapacity = oldTable.length;
        //如果旧的数组已经是最大了,就没有扩容的必要了,扩不了
        if (oldCapacity == MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) {
            threshold = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
            return;
        }

        HashMapEntry[] newTable = new HashMapEntry[newCapacity];
        transfer(newTable);
        table = newTable;
        //调整阈值
        threshold = (int)Math.min(newCapacity * loadFactor, MAXIMUM_CAPACITY + 1);
    }

感觉有必要展示一下transfer方法:

void transfer(HashMapEntry[] newTable) {
        int newCapacity = newTable.length;
        //循环table,将旧数据放入新table中
        for (HashMapEntry<K,V> e : table) {
            while(null != e) {
                HashMapEntry<K,V> next = e.next;
                int i = indexFor(e.hash, newCapacity);
                e.next = newTable[i];
                newTable[i] = e;
                e = next;
            }
        }
    }

扩容原理还是很简单的,自己画两个图就好理解了,注意的是扩容后hash值可能就变了,在旧数组的位置到新数组上不一定还是原来的位置。画图很麻烦,建议画一下,面试官可能会问你的。

get()方法

public V get(Object key) {
        if (key == null)
          //如果table[0]的key为null,就返回table[0]的value,否则返回null
            return getForNullKey();
        //HashMapEntry继承Entry
        Entry<K,V> entry = getEntry(key);
        return null == entry ? null : entry.getValue();
    }

getEntry()

final Entry<K,V> getEntry(Object key) {
        if (size == 0) {
            return null;
        }
       //获取hash值
        int hash = (key == null) ? 0 : sun.misc.Hashing.singleWordWangJenkinsHash(key);
       //循环table中的链表,若key相同就返回整个e
        for (HashMapEntry<K,V> e = table[indexFor(hash, table.length)];
             e != null;
             e = e.next) {
            Object k;
            if (e.hash == hash &&
                ((k = e.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
                return e;
        }
        return null;
    }

最长用的方法介绍完毕,接下来是几个次要一些的方法:

putAll()方法:将一整个map添加入HashMap中

public void putAll(Map<? extends K, ? extends V> m) {
        int numKeysToBeAdded = m.size();
        if (numKeysToBeAdded == 0)
            return;

        if (table == EMPTY_TABLE) {
            inflateTable((int) Math.max(numKeysToBeAdded * loadFactor, threshold));
        }

        /*
         * Expand the map if the map if the number of mappings to be added
         * is greater than or equal to threshold.  This is conservative; the
         * obvious condition is (m.size() + size) >= threshold, but this
         * condition could result in a map with twice the appropriate capacity,
         * if the keys to be added overlap with the keys already in this map.
         * By using the conservative calculation, we subject ourself
         * to at most one extra resize.
         */
        if (numKeysToBeAdded > threshold) {
            int targetCapacity = (int)(numKeysToBeAdded / loadFactor + 1);
            if (targetCapacity > MAXIMUM_CAPACITY)
                targetCapacity = MAXIMUM_CAPACITY;
            int newCapacity = table.length;
          //如果我的map比要添加的map小,我就扩容2倍
            while (newCapacity < targetCapacity)
                newCapacity <<= 1;
            if (newCapacity > table.length)
              //新的map大小比原map大,则置换
                resize(newCapacity);
        }
        //循环put要添加的map到新扩容的map中
        for (Map.Entry<? extends K, ? extends V> e : m.entrySet())
            put(e.getKey(), e.getValue());
    }

remove()方法

public V remove(Object key) {
        Entry<K,V> e = removeEntryForKey(key);
        //把要remove的value返还给你,疑惑为什么不写boolean
        return (e == null ? null : e.getValue());
    }

removeEntryForKey()方法:

final Entry<K,V> removeEntryForKey(Object key) {
        if (size == 0) {
            return null;
        }
        int hash = (key == null) ? 0 : sun.misc.Hashing.singleWordWangJenkinsHash(key);
        int i = indexFor(hash, table.length);
        HashMapEntry<K,V> prev = table[i];
        HashMapEntry<K,V> e = prev;
        while (e != null) {
            HashMapEntry<K,V> next = e.next;
            Object k;
            if (e.hash == hash &&
                ((k = e.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k)))) {
                modCount++;
                size--;
                if (prev == e) {
                  //说明是数组中第一个节点,直接将下一个节点放入数组中
                    table[i] = next;
                }else {
                  //指向下一个节点
                    prev.next = next;
                }
                //空方法
                e.recordRemoval(this);
                return e;
            }
            prev = e;
            e = next;
        }
        return e;
    }

自己画个图就很快理解了。其实是我不想画图。。。。。。

clear()方法

public void clear() {
        modCount++;
        Arrays.fill(table, null); //里面是一个for循环,将table中的元素置为null
        size = 0;    //大小记为0
    }

containsKey()方法

 public boolean containsKey(Object key) {
        return getEntry(key) != null;  //就是getEntry方法,前面有
    }

containsValue()方法

public boolean containsValue(Object value) {
        if (value == null)
            return containsNullValue(); //两个for循环嵌套遍历table判断:e.value == null
        HashMapEntry[] tab = table;
        for (int i = 0; i < tab.length ; i++)
            for (HashMapEntry e = tab[i] ; e != null ; e = e.next)
                if (value.equals(e.value))
                    return true;
        return false;
    }

EntrySet()方法、valuse()方法、keySet()方法

这些方法一般是用来遍历数据的。此处以EntrySet()为例

public Set<Map.Entry<K,V>> entrySet() {
       return entrySet0();
}

private Set<Map.Entry<K,V>> entrySet0() {
       Set<Map.Entry<K,V>> es = entrySet;
       return es != null ? es : (entrySet = new EntrySet());
}

private final class EntrySet extends AbstractSet<Map.Entry<K,V>> {
    //使用迭代器
    public Iterator<Map.Entry<K,V>> iterator() {
         return newEntryIterator();
    }
    public boolean contains(Object o) {
         if (!(o instanceof Map.Entry))
              return false;
           Map.Entry<K,V> e = (Map.Entry<K,V>) o;
           Entry<K,V> candidate = getEntry(e.getKey());
           return candidate != null && candidate.equals(e);
     }
     public boolean remove(Object o) {
          return removeMapping(o) != null;
     }
     public int size() {
          return size;
     }
     public void clear() {
          HashMap.this.clear();
     }
     public final Spliterator<Map.Entry<K,V>> spliterator() {
          return new EntrySpliterator<>(HashMap.this, 0, -1, 0, 0);
     }
     public final void forEach(Consumer<? super Map.Entry<K,V>> action) {
          HashMapEntry<K,V>[] tab;
          if (action == null)
              throw new NullPointerException();
          if (size > 0 && (tab = table) != null) {
               int mc = modCount;
               for (int i = 0; i < tab.length; ++i) {
                   for (HashMapEntry<K,V> e = tab[i]; e != null; e = e.next) {
                       action.accept(e);
                    // Android-modified - this was outside of the loop, inconsistent with other
                    // collections
                       if (modCount != mc) {
                           throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
                       }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

看一下HashMap的迭代器:

Iterator<Map.Entry<K,V>> newEntryIterator()   {
        return new EntryIterator();
    }

private final class EntryIterator extends HashIterator<Map.Entry<K,V>> {
        public Map.Entry<K,V> next() {
            return nextEntry();
        }
    }

private abstract class HashIterator<E> implements Iterator<E> {
        HashMapEntry<K,V> next;        //下一个元素
        int expectedModCount;          // For fast-fail
        int index;                     // 当前索引
        HashMapEntry<K,V> current;     // 当前元素

        HashIterator() {
            expectedModCount = modCount;
            if (size > 0) { // advance to first entry
                HashMapEntry[] t = table;
              //将next指向第一个不为null的元素,index初始值为0,所以一直向后循环
                while (index < t.length && (next = t[index++]) == null)
                  ;
            }
        }

        public final boolean hasNext() {
            return next != null;
        }

  		//获取下一个元素
        final Entry<K,V> nextEntry() {
            if (modCount != expectedModCount)
                throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
            HashMapEntry<K,V> e = next;
            if (e == null)
                throw new NoSuchElementException();
		//如果下一个节点不为空,就将next指向下一个节点,负责指向下一个entry
            if ((next = e.next) == null) {
                HashMapEntry[] t = table;
                while (index < t.length && (next = t[index++]) == null)
                    ;
            }
            current = e;
            return e;
        }

        //删除当前元素
        public void remove() {
            if (current == null)
                throw new IllegalStateException();
            if (modCount != expectedModCount)
                throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
            Object k = current.key;
            current = null;
            HashMap.this.removeEntryForKey(k);
            expectedModCount = modCount;
        }
    }

实现Serializable接口:

HashMap实现了Serializable接口,所以是有序列化和反序列化操作的,主要是2个方法:

private void writeObject(java.io.ObjectOutputStream s)throws IOException {
        // Write out the threshold, loadfactor, and any hidden stuff
        s.defaultWriteObject();
        // Write out number of buckets
        if (table==EMPTY_TABLE) {
            s.writeInt(roundUpToPowerOf2(threshold));
        } else {
           s.writeInt(table.length);
        }
        // Write out size (number of Mappings)
        s.writeInt(size);
        // Write out keys and values (alternating)
        if (size > 0) {
            for(Map.Entry<K,V> e : entrySet0()) {
                s.writeObject(e.getKey());
                s.writeObject(e.getValue());
            }
        }
    }

private void readObject(java.io.ObjectInputStream s) throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException{
        // Read in the threshold (ignored), loadfactor, and any hidden stuff
        s.defaultReadObject();
        if (loadFactor <= 0 || Float.isNaN(loadFactor)) {
            throw new InvalidObjectException("Illegal load factor: " + loadFactor);
        }
        // set other fields that need values
        table = (HashMapEntry<K,V>[]) EMPTY_TABLE;
        // Read in number of buckets
        s.readInt(); // ignored.
        // Read number of mappings
        int mappings = s.readInt();
        if (mappings < 0)
            throw new InvalidObjectException("Illegal mappings count: " + mappings);
        // capacity chosen by number of mappings and desired load (if >= 0.25)
        int capacity = (int) Math.min(mappings * Math.min(1 / loadFactor, 4.0f),
                    // we have limits...
                    HashMap.MAXIMUM_CAPACITY);
        // allocate the bucket array;
        if (mappings > 0) {
            inflateTable(capacity);
        } else {
            threshold = capacity;
        }
        init();  // Give subclass a chance to do its thing.
        // Read the keys and values, and put the mappings in the HashMap
        for (int i = 0; i < mappings; i++) {
            K key = (K) s.readObject();
            V value = (V) s.readObject();
            putForCreate(key, value);
        }
    }

三. HashMap的常用使用方法:

遍历键值对:

Iterator iter = map.entrySet().iterator();
while(iter.hasNext()){
   Map.Entry entry = (Map.Entry)iter.next();
   key = (String)entry.getKey();
   value = (Object)entry.getValue();
}

遍历键:

Iterator iter = map.keySet().iterator();
while(iter.hasNext()){
   key = (String)iter.next();
   value = (Object)map.get(key);
}

遍历值:

Collection c = map.values();
Iterator iter = c.iterator();
while(iter.hashNext()){
  key = (String)iter.next();
}

JDK 1.8引入了红黑树,比较难理解,我研究一下,后续更新。

感谢:
https://www.cnblogs.com/skywang12345/p/3310835.html#a4

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