C++_primer_plus学习笔记 第3章 处理数据（基本类型）

本章内容包括：

• C++内置基本类型：整数和浮点数
• 使用变量标识存储的数据
• char类型和ASCII码
• 浮点数及精度降低
• C++算数运算
• C++类型转换：自动和强制

整型

//程序清单3.1
//整型极限

#include <iostream>
#include <climits>

int main(void)
{
    using namesoace std;

    int n_int = INT_MAX;                //初始化n_int为int最大值
    short n_short = SHRT_MAX;           //XX_MAX为climits文件中定义的符号
    long n_long = LONG_MAX;             //初始化将赋值和声明合并
    long long n_llong = LLONG_MAX;

    //sizeof运算符生成类型或变量的大小
    cout << "int is " << sizeof(int) << " bytes." << endl;
    cout << "short is " << sizeof n_short << " bytes." << endl;
    cout << "long is " << sizeof n_long << " bytes." << endl;
    cout << "long long is " << sizeof n_llong << " bytes." << endl;
    cout << endl;

    cout << "Maximum Values:" << endl;
    cout << "int: " << n_int << endl;
    cout << "short: " << n_short << endl;
    cout << "long: " << n_long << endl;
    cout << "long long: " << n_llong << endl << endl;

    cout << "Minimum int value = " << INT_MIN << endl;
    cout << "Bits per byte = " << CHAR_BIT << endl;

    return 0;
}

• 计算机内存的基本单元是位（bit）。字节（byte）通常指8位的内存单元
• sizeof返回类型或变量的长度，单位为字节（byte）
• sizeof不是函数只是运算符，后跟数据类型+括号，或变量名+括号可选
• 头文件climits包含关于整型限制的信息，定义了各种限制的符号名称
• C语言初始化：int owls = 101;C++还有一种初始化：int wrens(432);
• 还有一种初始化，适用于数组和结构：int hamburgers = {24}；int hamburgers {24}；
• 将变量声明和赋值分开，可能会带来瞬间悬而未决的问题

//程序清单3.2
//超出整数极限

#include <iostream>
#define ZERO 0            //ZERO代表0
#include <climits>

int main(void)
{
    using namespace std;
    short sam = SHRT_MAX;            //32767
    unsigned short sue = sam;        //32767

    cout << "Sam has " << sam << " dollars and Sue has " << sue 
         << " dollars deposited.\n";
    cout << "Add $1 to each account." << endl << "Now ";
    sam = sam + 1;                   //-32768
    sue += 1;                        //32768
    cout << "Sam has " <&