Thermal energy evolution equation
∂
U
∂
t
=
−
∇
⋅
q
−
∇
⋅
(
U
v
)
−
∇
⋅
(
P
⋅
v
)
+
v
⋅
(
∇
⋅
P
)
\frac{\partial U}{\partial t}=-\bm{\nabla \cdot q}-\bm{\nabla \cdot} (U\bm{v})-\bm{\nabla \cdot }(\bm{{\rm P}\cdot v}) + \bm{v \cdot}(\bm{\nabla \cdot {\rm P}})
∂t∂U=−∇⋅q−∇⋅(Uv)−∇⋅(P⋅v)+v⋅(∇⋅P)
U U U is the thermal energy density. t t t is the time. q \bm{q} q is the heat flux vector. v \bm{v} v is the bulk velocity. P \bm{\rm P} P is the pressure tensor.
Continuity equation
∂
n
∂
t
+
∇
⋅
(
n
v
)
=
0
\frac{\partial n}{\partial t} + \bm{\nabla \cdot} (n \bm{v}) = 0
∂t∂n+∇⋅(nv)=0
Where n n n is the number density of a species.
Because
U
=
1
2
(
P
x
x
+
P
y
y
+
P
z
z
)
U=\frac{1}{2}(P_{xx}+P_{yy}+P_{zz})
U=21(Pxx+Pyy+Pzz)
We consider the kinetic temperature
T
T
T
T
=
1
3
P
x
x
+
P
y
y
+
P
z
z
n
T=\frac{1}{3}\frac{P_{xx}+P_{yy}+P_{zz}}{n}
T=31nPxx+Pyy+Pzz
Then, the relationship between thermal energy
U
U
U and temperature
T
T
T
U
=
3
2
n
T
U=\frac{3}{2}nT
U=23nT
Then
∂
U
∂
t
=
∂
∂
t
(
3
2
n
T
)
=
3
2
T
∂
n
∂
t
+
3
2
n
∂
T
∂
t
=
3
2
n
∂
T
∂
t
−
3
2
T
∇
⋅
(
n
v
)
\frac{\partial U}{\partial t} = \frac{\partial}{\partial t}(\frac{3}{2}nT)=\frac{3}{2}T\frac{\partial n}{\partial t} + \frac{3}{2}n\frac{\partial T}{\partial t}=\frac{3}{2}n\frac{\partial T}{\partial t}-\frac{3}{2}T\bm{\nabla \cdot}(n \bm{v})
∂t∂U=∂t∂(23nT)=23T∂t∂n+23n∂t∂T=23n∂t∂T−23T∇⋅(nv)
And
∇
⋅
(
P
⋅
v
)
=
v
⋅
(
∇
⋅
P
)
+
(
P
⋅
∇
)
⋅
v
\bm{\nabla \cdot }(\bm{{\rm P} \cdot v})=\bm{v \cdot } (\bm{\nabla \cdot {\rm P}})+(\bm{{\rm P}\cdot \nabla})\bm{\cdot v}
∇⋅(P⋅v)=v⋅(∇⋅P)+(P⋅∇)⋅v
Then
∂
U
∂
t
=
−
∇
⋅
q
−
∇
⋅
(
U
v
)
−
(
P
⋅
∇
)
⋅
v
\frac{\partial U}{\partial t}=-\bm{\nabla \cdot q}-\bm{\nabla \cdot} (U\bm{v})-(\bm{{\rm P}\cdot \nabla})\bm{\cdot v}
∂t∂U=−∇⋅q−∇⋅(Uv)−(P⋅∇)⋅v
And
∇
⋅
(
U
v
)
=
∇
⋅
(
3
2
n
T
v
)
=
3
2
T
∇
⋅
(
n
v
)
+
3
2
n
v
⋅
∇
T
\bm{\nabla \cdot} (U\bm{v})=\bm{\nabla \cdot} (\frac{3}{2}nT\bm{v})=\frac{3}{2}T\bm{\nabla \cdot}(n\bm{v})+\frac{3}{2}n\bm{v \cdot \nabla}T
∇⋅(Uv)=∇⋅(23nTv)=23T∇⋅(nv)+23nv⋅∇T
Then
3
2
n
∂
T
∂
t
−
3
2
T
∇
⋅
(
n
v
)
=
−
∇
⋅
q
−
3
2
T
∇
⋅
(
n
v
)
−
3
2
n
v
⋅
∇
T
−
(
P
⋅
∇
)
⋅
v
\frac{3}{2}n\frac{\partial T}{\partial t}-\frac{3}{2}T\bm{\nabla \cdot}(n \bm{v}) = -\bm{\nabla \cdot q} - \frac{3}{2}T\bm{\nabla \cdot}(n\bm{v}) - \frac{3}{2}n\bm{v \cdot \nabla}T - (\bm{{\rm P}\cdot \nabla})\bm{\cdot v}
23n∂t∂T−23T∇⋅(nv)=−∇⋅q−23T∇⋅(nv)−23nv⋅∇T−(P⋅∇)⋅v
3 2 n ∂ T ∂ t = − ∇ ⋅ q − 3 2 n v ⋅ ∇ T − ( P ⋅ ∇ ) ⋅ v \frac{3}{2}n\frac{\partial T}{\partial t} = -\bm{\nabla \cdot q} - \frac{3}{2}n\bm{v \cdot \nabla}T - (\bm{{\rm P}\cdot \nabla})\bm{\cdot v} 23n∂t∂T=−∇⋅q−23nv⋅∇T−(P⋅∇)⋅v
Then
3
2
n
(
∂
T
∂
t
+
v
⋅
∇
T
)
=
−
∇
⋅
q
−
(
P
⋅
∇
)
⋅
v
\frac{3}{2}n(\frac{\partial T}{\partial t} + \bm{v \cdot \nabla}T) = -\bm{\nabla \cdot q} - (\bm{{\rm P}\cdot \nabla})\bm{\cdot v}
23n(∂t∂T+v⋅∇T)=−∇⋅q−(P⋅∇)⋅v
Let
P
=
P
−
p
I
+
p
I
=
P
′
+
p
I
\bm{{\rm P=P}}-p\bm{{\rm I}}+p\bm{{\rm I}} = \bm{{\rm P'}}+p\bm{{\rm I}}
P=P−pI+pI=P′+pI
Where I \bm{\rm I} I is the unit tensor, and p p p is the scalar pressure.
Then
3
2
n
(
∂
T
∂
t
+
v
⋅
∇
T
)
=
−
∇
⋅
q
−
(
P
′
⋅
∇
)
⋅
v
−
p
(
I
⋅
∇
)
⋅
v
\frac{3}{2}n(\frac{\partial T}{\partial t} + \bm{v \cdot \nabla}T) = -\bm{\nabla \cdot q} - (\bm{{\rm P'}\cdot \nabla})\bm{\cdot v} - p(\bm{{\rm I}\cdot \nabla})\bm{\cdot v}
23n(∂t∂T+v⋅∇T)=−∇⋅q−(P′⋅∇)⋅v−p(I⋅∇)⋅v
Finally, the energy density conservation equation is
3
2
n
(
∂
T
∂
t
+
v
⋅
∇
T
)
+
p
∇
⋅
v
=
−
∇
⋅
q
−
(
P
′
⋅
∇
)
⋅
v
\frac{3}{2}n (\frac{\partial T}{\partial t}+\bm{v} \bm{\cdot \nabla}T)+p\bm{\nabla \cdot v}=-\bm{\nabla \cdot q}-(\bm{{\rm P'} \cdot \nabla})\bm{\cdot v}
23n(∂t∂T+v⋅∇T)+p∇⋅v=−∇⋅q−(P′⋅∇)⋅v
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