Python 运算符
什么是运算符?
本章节主要说明Python的运算符。举个简单的例子 4 +5 = 9 。 例子中,4和5被称为操作数,"+"号为运算符。
Python语言支持以下类型的运算符:
接下来让我们一个个来学习Python的运算符。
Python算术运算符
以下假设变量a为10,变量b为20:
运算符 | 描述 | 实例 |
+ | 加 - 两个对象相加 | a + b 输出结果 30 |
- | 减 - 得到负数或是一个数减去另一个数 | a - b 输出结果 -10 |
* | 乘 - 两个数相乘或是返回一个被重复若干次的字符串 | a * b 输出结果 200 |
/ | 除 - x除以y | b / a 输出结果 2 |
% | 取模 - 返回除法的余数 | b % a 输出结果 0 |
** | 幂 - 返回x的y次幂 | a**b 为10的20次方, 输出结果 100000000000000000000 |
// | 取整除 - 返回商的整数部分 | 9//2 输出结果 4 , 9.0//2.0 输出结果 4.0 |
以下实例演示了Python所有算术运算符的操作:
#!/usr/bin/python
a = 21
b = 10
c = 0
c = a + b
print "Line 1 - Value of c is ", c
c = a - b
print "Line 2 - Value of c is ", c
c = a * b
print "Line 3 - Value of c is ", c
c = a / b
print "Line 4 - Value of c is ", c
c = a % b
print "Line 5 - Value of c is ", c
a = 2
b = 3
c = a**b
print "Line 6 - Value of c is ", c
a = 10
b = 5
c = a//b
print "Line 7 - Value of c is ", c
以上实例输出结果:
Line 1 - Value of c is 31
Line 2 - Value of c is 11
Line 3 - Value of c is 210
Line 4 - Value of c is 2
Line 5 - Value of c is 1
Line 6 - Value of c is 8
Line 7 - Value of c is 2
Python比较运算符
以下假设变量a为10,变量b为20:
运算符 | 描述 | 实例 |
== | 等于 - 比较对象是否相等 | (a == b) 返回 False。 |
!= | 不等于 - 比较两个对象是否不相等 | (a != b) 返回 true. |
<> | 不等于 - 比较两个对象是否不相等 | (a <> b) 返回 true。这个运算符类似 != 。 |
> | 大于 - 返回x是否大于y | (a > b) 返回 False。 |
< | 小于 - 返回x是否小于y。所有比较运算符返回1表示真,返回0表示假。这分别与特殊的变量True和False等价。注意,这些变量名的大写。 | (a < b) 返回 true。 |
>= | 大于等于 - 返回x是否大于等于y。 | (a >= b) 返回 False。 |
<= | 小于等于 - 返回x是否小于等于y。 | (a <= b) 返回 true。 |
以下实例演示了Python所有比较运算符的操作:
#!/usr/bin/python
a = 21
b = 10
c = 0
if ( a == b ):
print "Line1 - a is equal to b"
else:
print "Line1 - a is not equal to b"
if ( a != b ):
print "Line2 - a is not equal to b"
else:
print "Line2 - a is equal to b"
if ( a <> b ):
print "Line3 - a is not equal to b"
else:
print "Line3 - a is equal to b"
if ( a < b ):
print "Line4 - a is less than b"
else:
print "Line4 - a is not less than b"
if ( a > b ):
print "Line5 - a is greater than b"
else:
print "Line5 - a is not greater than b"
a = 5;
b = 20;
if ( a <= b ):
print "Line6 - a is either less than or equal to b"
else:
print "Line6 - a is neither less than nor equal to b"
if ( b >= a ):
print "Line7 - b is either greater than or equal tob"
else:
print "Line7 - b is neither greater than nor equalto b"
以上实例输出结果:
Line 1 - a is not equal to b
Line 2 - a is not equal to b
Line 3 - a is not equal to b
Line 4 - a is not less than b
Line 5 - a is greater than b
Line 6 - a is either less than or equal to b
Line 7 - b is either greater than or equal to b
Python赋值运算符
以下假设变量a为10,变量b为20:
运算符 | 描述 | 实例 |
= | 简单的赋值运算符 | c = a + b 将 a + b 的运算结果赋值为 c |
+= | 加法赋值运算符 | c += a 等效于 c = c + a |
-= | 减法赋值运算符 | c -= a 等效于 c = c - a |
*= | 乘法赋值运算符 | c *= a 等效于 c = c * a |
/= | 除法赋值运算符 | c /= a 等效于 c = c / a |
%= | 取模赋值运算符 | c %= a 等效于 c = c % a |
**= | 幂赋值运算符 | c **= a 等效于 c = c ** a |
//= | 取整除赋值运算符 | c //= a 等效于 c = c // a |
以下实例演示了Python所有赋值运算符的操作:
#!/usr/bin/python
a = 21
b = 10
c = 0
c = a + b
print "Line 1 - Value of c is ", c
c += a
print "Line 2 - Value of c is ", c
c *= a
print "Line 3 - Value of c is ", c
c /= a
print "Line 4 - Value of c is ", c
c = 2
c %= a
print "Line 5 - Value of c is ", c
c **= a
print "Line 6 - Value of c is ", c
c //= a
print "Line 7 - Value of c is ", c
以上实例输出结果:
Line 1 - Value of c is 31
Line 2 - Value of c is 52
Line 3 - Value of c is 1092
Line 4 - Value of c is 52
Line 5 - Value of c is 2
Line 6 - Value of c is 2097152
Line 7 - Value of c is 99864
Python位运算符
按位运算符是把数字看作二进制来进行计算的。Python中的按位运算法则如下:
运算符 | 描述 | 实例 |
& | 按位与运算符 | (a & b) 输出结果 12 ,二进制解释: 0000 1100 |
| | 按位或运算符 | (a | b) 输出结果 61 ,二进制解释: 0011 1101 |
^ | 按位异或运算符 | (a ^ b) 输出结果 49 ,二进制解释: 0011 0001 |
~ | 按位取反运算符 | (~a ) 输出结果 -61 ,二进制解释: 1100 0011, 在一个有符号二进制数的补码形式。 |
<< | 左移动运算符 | a << 2 输出结果 240 ,二进制解释: 1111 0000 |
>> | 右移动运算符 | a >> 2 输出结果 15 ,二进制解释: 0000 1111 |
以下实例演示了Python所有位运算符的操作:
#!/usr/bin/python
a = 60 #60 = 0011 1100
b = 13 #13 = 0000 1101
c = 0
c = a & b; # 12 = 0000 1100
print "Line 1 - Value of c is ", c
c = a | b; #61 = 0011 1101
print "Line 2 - Value of c is ", c
c = a ^ b; #49 = 0011 0001
print "Line 3 - Value of c is ", c
c = ~a; # -61 = 1100 0011
print "Line 4 - Value of c is ", c
c = a << 2; # 240 = 1111 0000
print "Line 5 - Value of c is ", c
c = a >> 2; # 15 = 0000 1111
print "Line 6 - Value of c is ", c
以上实例输出结果:
Line 1 - Value of c is 12
Line 2 - Value of c is 61
Line 3 - Value of c is 49
Line 4 - Value of c is -61
Line 5 - Value of c is 240
Line 6 - Value of c is 15
Python逻辑运算符
Python语言支持逻辑运算符,以下假设变量a为10,变量b为20:
运算符 | 描述 | 实例 |
and | 布尔"与" - 如果x为False,x and y返回False,否则它返回y的计算值。 | (a and b) 返回 true。 |
or | 布尔"或" - 如果x是True,它返回True,否则它返回y的计算值。 | (a or b) 返回 true。 |
not | 布尔"非" - 如果x为True,返回False。如果x为False,它返回True。 | not(a and b) 返回 false。 |
以下实例演示了Python所有逻辑运算符的操作:
#!/usr/bin/python
a = 10
b = 20
c = 0
if ( a and b ):
print "Line1 - a and b are true"
else:
print "Line1 - Either a is not true or b is not true"
if ( a or b ):
print "Line2 - Either a is true or b is true or both are true"
else:
print "Line2 - Neither a is true nor b is true"
a = 0
if ( a and b ):
print "Line3 - a and b are true"
else:
print "Line3 - Either a is not true or b is not true"
if ( a or b ):
print "Line4 - Either a is true or b is true or both are true"
else:
print "Line4 - Neither a is true nor b is true"
if not( a and b ):
print "Line5 - Either a is not true or b is nottrue or both are not true"
else:
print "Line5 - a and b are true"
以上实例输出结果:
Line 1 - a and b are true
Line 2 - Either a is true or b is true or both are true
Line 3 - Either a is not true or b is not true
Line 4 - Either a is true or b is true or both are true
Line 5 - Either a is not true or b is not true or both are not true
Python成员运算符
除了以上的一些运算符之外,Python还支持成员运算符,测试实例中包含了一系列的成员,包括字符串,列表或元组。
运算符 | 描述 | 实例 |
in | 如果在指定的序列中找到值返回True,否则返回False。 | x 在 y序列中 , 如果x在y序列中返回True。 |
not in | 如果在指定的序列中没有找到值返回True,否则返回False。 | x 不在 y序列中 , 如果x不在y序列中返回True。 |
以下实例演示了Python所有成员运算符的操作:
#!/usr/bin/python
a = 10
b = 20
list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ];
if ( a in list ):
print "Line1 - a is available in the given list"
else:
print "Line1 - a is not available in the given list"
if ( b not in list ):
print "Line2 - b is not available in the given list"
else:
print "Line2 - b is available in the given list"
a = 2
if ( a in list ):
print "Line3 - a is available in the given list"
else:
print "Line3 - a is not available in the given list"
以上实例输出结果:
Line 1 - a is not available in the given list
Line 2 - b is not available in the given list
Line 3 - a is available in the given list
Python身份运算符
身份运算符用于比较两个对象的存储单元
运算符 | 描述 | 实例 |
is | is是判断两个标识符是不是引用自一个对象 | x is y, 如果 id(x) 等于 id(y) , is 返回结果 1 |
is not | is not是判断两个标识符是不是引用自不同对象 | x is not y, 如果 id(x) 不等于 id(y). is not 返回结果 1 |
以下实例演示了Python所有身份运算符的操作:
#!/usr/bin/python
a = 20
b = 20
if ( a is b ):
print "Line1 - a and b have same identity"
else:
print "Line1 - a and b do not have same identity"
if ( id(a) == id(b) ):
print "Line2 - a and b have same identity"
else:
print "Line2 - a and b do not have same identity"
b = 30
if ( a is b ):
print "Line3 - a and b have same identity"
else:
print "Line3 - a and b do not have same identity"
if ( a is not b ):
print "Line4 - a and b do not have same identity"
else:
print "Line4 - a and b have same identity"
以上实例输出结果:
Line 1 - a and b have same identity
Line 2 - a and b have same identity
Line 3 - a and b do not have same identity
Line 4 - a and b do not have same identity
Python运算符优先级
以下表格列出了从最高到最低优先级的所有运算符:
运算符 | 描述 |
** | 指数 (最高优先级) |
~ + - | 按位翻转, 一元加号和减号 (最后两个的方法名为 +@ 和 -@) |
* / % // | 乘,除,取模和取整除 |
+ - | 加法减法 |
>> << | 右移,左移运算符 |
& | 位 'AND' |
^ | | 位运算符 |
<= < > >= | 比较运算符 |
<> == != | 等于运算符 |
= %= /= //= -= += *= **= | 赋值运算符 |
is is not | 身份运算符 |
in not in | 成员运算符 |
not or and | 逻辑运算符 |
以下实例演示了Python所有运算符优先级的操作:
#!/usr/bin/python
a = 20
b = 10
c = 15
d = 5
e = 0
e = (a + b) * c / d #( 30 * 15 ) / 5
print "Value of (a + b) * c / d is ", e
e = ((a + b) * c) / d # (30 * 15 ) / 5
print "Value of ((a + b) * c) / d is ", e
e = (a + b) * (c / d); # (30) * (15/5)
print "Value of (a + b) * (c / d) is ", e
e = a + (b * c) / d; # 20 + (150/5)
print "Value of a + (b * c) / d is ", e
以上实例输出结果:
Value of (a + b) * c / d is 90
Value of ((a + b) * c) / d is 90
Value of (a + b) * (c / d) is 90
Value of a + (b * c) / d is 50
Python 条件语句
Python条件语句是通过一条或多条语句的执行结果(True或者False)来决定执行的代码块。
可以通过下图来简单了解条件语句的执行过程:
Python程序语言指定任何非0和非空(null)值为true,0 或者 null为false。
Python 编程中 if 语句用于控制程序的执行,基本形式为:
if 判断条件:
执行语句……
else:
执行语句……
其中"判断条件"成立时(非零),则执行后面的语句,而执行内容可以多行,以缩进来区分表示同一范围。
else 为可选语句,当需要在条件不成立时执行内容则可以执行相关语句,具体例子如下:
#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
# 例1:if 基本用法
flag = False
name = 'luren'
if name == 'python': # 判断变量否为'python'
flag = True # 条件成立时设置标志为真
print 'welcome boss' # 并输出欢迎信息
else:
print name # 条件不成立时输出变量名称
输出结果为:
>>> luren # 输出结果
if 语句的判断条件可以用>(大于)、<(小于)、==(等于)、>=(大于等于)、<=(小于等于)来表示其关系。
当判断条件为多个值是,可以使用以下形式:
if 判断条件1:
执行语句1……
elif 判断条件2:
执行语句2……
elif 判断条件3:
执行语句3……
else:
执行语句4……
实例如下:
#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
# 例2:elif用法
num = 5
if num == 3: # 判断num的值
print 'boss'
elif num == 2:
print 'user'
elif num == 1:
print 'worker'
elif num < 0: # 值小于零时输出
print 'error'
else:
print 'roadman' # 条件均不成立时输出
输出结果为:
>>> roadman # 输出结果
由于 python 并不支持 switch 语句,所以多个条件判断,只能用 elif 来实现,如果判断需要多个条件需同时判断时,可以使用 or (或),表示两个条件有一个成立时判断条件成功;使用 and (与)时,表示只有两个条件同时成立的情况下,判断条件才成功。
#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
# 例3:if语句多个条件
num = 9
if num >= 0 and num <= 10: # 判断值是否在0~10之间
print 'hello'
>>> hello # 输出结果
num = 10
if num < 0 or num > 10: # 判断值是否在小于0或大于10
print 'hello'
else:
print 'undefine'
>>> undefine # 输出结果
num = 8
# 判断值是否在0~5或者10~15之间
if (num >= 0 and num <= 5) or (num >= 10 and num <= 15):
print 'hello'
else:
print 'undefine'
>>> undefine # 输出结果
当if有多个条件时可使用括号来区分判断的先后顺序,括号中的判断优先执行,此外 and 和 or 的优先级低于>(大于)、<(小于)等判断符号,即大于和小于在没有括号的情况下会比与或要优先判断。
简单的语句组
你也可以在同一行的位置上使用if条件判断语句,如下实例:
#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
var = 100
if ( var == 100 ) : print "变量 var 的值为100"
print "Good bye!"
以上代码执行输出结果如下:
变量 var 的值为100
Good bye! 出处:http://www.runoob.com/python/python-tutorial.html