Python高级编程特性和技巧

昨今两天把Python高级编程过了遍，编程语言通用的部分都比较熟悉了，就跳过了。总结下：

1、列表推导

def _treatment(pos,element):
    return '%d, %s' %(pos,element)

#列表推导
print([i for i in range(0,10,1) if i%2==0])

seq = ["one","two","three"]
print([_treatment(pos,element) for pos,element in enumerate(seq)])

2、生成器

def fibonacci():
    a,b=0,1
    while True:
        yield b
        a,b = b,a+b

#生成器
#当需要一个将返回一个序列或者在循环中执行的函数时，就应该考虑生成器，
#当这些元素将被传递到另一个函数中以进行后续处理时，一次返回一个元素以提高整体性能
fib = fibonacci()
print([fib.__next__() for i in range(10)])

3、生成器表达式

#生成器表达式
print("generator expression")
iter = (x**2 for x in range(10) if x%2==0)
for el in iter:
    print(el)

4、迭代器

class MyIterator(object):
    def __init__(self,step):
        self.step = step

    def __next__(self):
        if self.step==0:
            raise StopIteration
        self.step = self.step-1
        return self.step

    def __iter__(self):
        return self
for el in MyIterator(10):
     print(el)

5、装饰器

#简单装饰器
def use_logging(func):
    def wrapper(*args,**kwargs):
        logging.warning("%s is running" %func.__name__)
        return func(*args)
    return wrapper

@use_logging
def foo():
    print("i am foo")

@use_logging
def bar():
    print("i am bar")

#带参数的装饰器
def use_logging(level):
    def decorator(func):
        def wrapper(*args,**kwargs):
            if level=="warning":
                logging.warning("%s is running" %func.__name__)
            return func(*args)
        return wrapper
    return decorator

@use_logging("warning")
def foo_with_parameters(name='foo'):
    print('i am %s' %name)

class Foo(object):
    def __init__(self,func):
        self.func = func

    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        print("class decorator running")
        self.func()
        print("class decorator ending")

#类装饰器
@Foo
def bar_class():
    print("bar")

def main():
    bar()
    foo_with_parameters()
    bar_class()

6、itertools

http://www.wklken.me/posts/2013/08/20/python-extra-itertools.html#itertoolsisliceiterable-stop

这个帖子是基于Python2讲解的，3的话把izip，imap等都省略了

7、协程

引用multitask，可以下载源代码直接import

def client_handler(sock):
    with closing(sock):
        while(True):
            data = (yield multitask.recv(sock,1024))
            if not data:
                break
            print(data)
            yield multitask.send(sock,data)

def echo_server(hostname,port):
    addrinfo = socket.getaddrinfo(hostname,port,socket.AF_UNSPEC,socket.SOCK_STREAM)
    (family,socktype,proto,canonname,sockaddr) = addrinfo[0]
    with closing(socket.socket(family,socktype,proto)) as sock:
        sock.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET,socket.SO_REUSEADDR,1)
        sock.bind(sockaddr)
        sock.listen(5)
        while True:
            multitask.add(client_handler((yield multitask.accept(sock))[0]))

def coroutine_1():
    for i in range(3):
        print('c1')
        yield i

def coroutine_2():
    for i in range(3):
        print('c2')
        yield i

def main():
    # multitask.add(coroutine_1())
    # multitask.add(coroutine_2())
    #
    # multitask.run()
    import sys
    hostname=None
    port  = 1111
    if len(sys.argv)>1:
        hostname = sys.argv[1]
    if len(sys.argv)>2:
        port = sys.argv[2]
    multitask.add(echo_server(hostname,port))

    try:
        multitask.run()
    except KeyboardInterrupt:
        pass

    return

8、最佳实践

1)应该避免多重继承

2)super的使用必须一致

3)不要混用老式和新式的类

4)调用父类必须检查类层次，调用_mro_查看当前类的结构层次

5)私有变量和函数都在前面加_