虚拟语气和推测（一）

本质上虚拟语气也是表示推测的，只是这里的“推测”指的是在目前真实的条件下做的推测，而“虚拟语气”是在假设的条件下做的推测。虚拟语气的句子是：对条件的假设 + 在假设条件下的推测。虚拟语气实际上是非真实条件状语从句。

一、 “must+have+done”表示对过去事情的肯定推测，译成“一定做过某事，一定已经，想必已经”，该结构只用于肯定的陈述句中，否定句中用 can't have done。

1. It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet. 昨晚一定下雨了，因为地面还是湿的。

2. You must have been mad to speak to the servant. 你和仆人说话，一定是发疯了。

3. She must have received the parcel, I sent it by registered post. 她一定已经收到包裹了，我是用挂号寄的。

 

may have done, might have done, could have done “可能做过某事”，就语气而言 might have done 所表的可能性更小些。 其中might have done 除了有表示推测的用法外，还有虚拟语气的用法，具体见下面的例句和说明。
He may / might / could have left by nine.
他可能于九点前已离去。

二、 “may+have+done”表示对发生过的事情的推测，意思是“可能已经”或“也许已经”，用于肯定句中。

—What has happened to George?         —乔治发生了什么事？

—I don't know. He may have got lost.      ——我不知道，他可能迷路了。

1. Something may have happened to her.         她可能发生了什么事情。

三、 “might+have+done”有两个意思，一个是表推测，一个是虚拟语气。

①、表示对过去事情的推测，might与may意思相同，但可能性更小。

②、用于虚拟语气结构中，表示对过去本可能发生但实际上没有发生的动作。

1. He might have given you more help, even though he was busy. 他或许会多给你一些帮助，即使他很忙（虚拟语气）。

2. She might have achieved greater progress, if you had given her more chances. 如果你多给她点机会，她可能已经取得更大的成绩（虚拟语气）。

3. She might have had an accident.
她或许遭受了意外(表推测).

 

can't / couldn't have done 表否定推测，“不可能做过某事”。
She can't / couldn't have gone to bed, for the light in her room is still on.
她不可能上床睡觉了，因为她房间的灯还亮着。

四、 “can't+have+done”表示对过去事情的否定推测，译成“不可能做过某事”。

1. Mr. Smith can't have gone to Beijing, for I saw him in the library just now. 史密斯先生不可能去北京了，我刚才还在图书馆见过他。

2. Mary can't have stolen your money. She has gone home. 玛丽不可能偷你的钱，她回家去了。

五、 “can+have+done”表示对过去行为的怀疑，用于疑问句，译成“可能做过……吗？”。

1. There is no light in the room. Can they have gone out? 屋里没有灯，他们可能出去了吗？

2. There is nowhere to find them. Where can they have gone? 到处找不到他们，他们可能到什么地方去呢？

六、 “could+have+done”是虚拟语气，表示对过去事情的假设，意思是本来能够做某事而没有做，表示客观上“本来能做某事但实际上没做”。

He could have passed the exam, but he was too careless. 本来他能够通过考试，但是他太粗心。

He could have finished the work in time but he didn't work hard.
他本来可以按时干完活的，但他没有卖力。

七、 “would+have+done”虚拟语气，表示对过去事情的假设，意思是“本来会做”。

1. I would have told you all about the boy's story, but you didn't ask me. 我本来会告诉你这个小男孩的故事，但是你没有问我。

2. Without your help, I wouldn't have achieved so much. 没有你的帮助，我是不会取得如此大的成绩。

should have done / ought to have done 表示“本该做某事”但实际未做。
I should / ought to have left London before nine but I didn't.
我本该在九点以前离开伦敦，但是我没有。

shouldn't have done / oughtn't to have done 表示“本不该做事”，但实际上又做了。
He shouldn't / oughtn't to have left London before nine but he did.
他本不该在九点前离开伦敦，但是他离开了。

八、 “should+have+done”意思是“本来应该做某事，而实际没做。” “shouldn't+have+done”表示本来不应该做某事，而实际做了。含有指责对方或自责的含意。

1. Tom, you are too lazy. The work should have been finished yesterday. 汤姆，你太懒惰了，这项工作本来应该昨天就做完的。

2. Look, Tom is crying. I shouldn't have been so harsh on him. 看，汤姆哭了，我本来不应该对他如此严厉。

九、 “ought to+have+done”表示过去应该做而实际并没有做，译成“理应做……”，往往表示遗憾。与“should+have+done”用法基本一样。

I ought to have gone home last Sunday. 我理应上星期日回家。

You ought not to have given him more help. 你不应该帮助他那么多。

十、 “need+have+done”表示本来需要做某事而没有做。“needn't+have+done”则表示“本来不需要做某事而做了”。

I needn't have bought so much wine—only five people came. 我本来没有必要买这么多酒，只来了五个人。

He need have hurried to the station. In that case, be wouldn't have missed the train. 他本来需要快点去车站，那样的话，他就不会误了火车。

I needn't have gone to the office yesterday (but I went there).
昨天我没必要去办公室（但我却去了）。

would like to have done sth 本打算做某事

I would like to have read the article, but I was very busy then.


would rather +have done 当时宁愿做了 或没做
I would rather have refuse his offer