【More Effective C++】条款25:将构造函数和非成员函数虚拟化

构造函数虚化：

• NewsLetter构造函数，能根据不同数据建立不同类型的对象，行为与构造函数相似；

class NLComponent {};
class TextBlock: public NLComponent {};
class Graphic: public NLComponent {};
class NewsLetter {
public:
    NewsLetter(std::istream& str) {
        while (str) {
            components.push_back(readNLComponent(str));
        }
    }
private:
    std::list<NLComponent*> components;
    static NLComponent* readNLComponent(std::istream& str);
};

拷贝构造函数虚化：

• NewsLetter拷贝构造函数，能根据不同类型的对象，行为与拷贝构造函数相似；
• 虚拟拷贝构造返回一个指针，只想调用调用该函数对象的新拷贝；

class NLComponent {
public:
    virtual NLComponent* clone() const = 0;
};
class TextBlock: public NLComponent {
public:
    virtual TextBlock* clone() const {
        return new TextBlock(*this);
    }
};
class Graphic: public NLComponent {
public:
    virtual Graphic* clone() const {
        return new Graphic(*this);
    }
};
class NewsLetter {
public:
    NewsLetter(std::istream& str) {
        while (str) {
            components.push_back(readNLComponent(str));
        }
    }
    NewsLetter(const NewsLetter& rhs) {
        for (auto it = rhs.components.begin(); it != rhs.components.end(); ++it) {
            components.push_back((*it)->clone());
        }
    }
private:
    std::list<NLComponent*> components;
    static NLComponent* readNLComponent(std::istream& str);
};

非成员函数虚化：

• 如果以成员函数的方式重载operator<<，得把cout放到<<符号的右边，与一般用法相反；

• 另一种方法是声明虚拟函数和重载 operator<<非成员函数，该非成员函数只调用虚拟函数；

class NLComponent {
public:
    virtual std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& str) const = 0;
};
class TextBlock: public NLComponent {
public:
    virtual std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& str) const {
        str << "Output TextBlock information here!\n";
        return str;
    }
};
class Graphic: public NLComponent {
public:
    virtual std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& str) const {
        str << "Output Graphic information here!\n";
        return str;
    }
};

int main() {
    TextBlock t;
    t << std::cout;
    return 0;
}

class NLComponent {
public:
    virtual std::ostream& print(std::ostream& str) const = 0;
};
class TextBlock: public NLComponent {
public:
    virtual std::ostream& print(std::ostream& str) const {
        str << "Output TextBlock information here\n";
        return str;
    }
};
class Graphic: public NLComponent {
public:
    virtual std::ostream& print(std::ostream& str) const {
        str << "Output Graphic information here\n";
        return str;
    }
};
inline
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& s, const NLComponent& c) {
    return c.print(s);
}
int main() {
    
    TextBlock t;
    std::cout << t;
    return 0;
}