Java数据结构:映射Map

Java数据结构:映射Map

代码、知识点来自中国大学MOOC-陈育良《Java核心技术》
整理如下

Map映射
– 数学定义:两个集合之间的元素对应关系。
– 一个输入对应到一个输出
– {1,张三}, {2,李四}, {Key, Value},键值对, K-V对(1对应张三、2对应李四)

Java中Map

HashtableHashMapLinkedHashMapTreeMapProperties
支持同步,性能慢,适合数据量小的不支持同步,性能快,适合数据量大的基于双向链表的维持插入顺序的HashMap基于红黑树的Map,可以根据key的自然排序或者compareTo方法进行排序输出支持同步,文件形式存储,适合数据量小的

Hashtable

– K-V对, K和V都不允许为null
– 同步,多线程安全
– 无序的(存储、输出时无序)
– 适合小数据量
– 主要方法:

方法内容
clear清空数据
contains/containsValue是否包含某个值 Value
containsKey是否包含某个值Key
get根据Key获取相应的值
put增加新的K-V对/更新K-V对
remove删除某个K-V对
size返回数据大小
import java.util.Enumeration;
import java.util.Hashtable;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Map.Entry;

public class HashtableTest {
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		Hashtable<Integer,String> ht =new  Hashtable<Integer,String>();
		//ht.put(1, null); 编译不报错  运行报错
		//ht.put(null,1);  编译报错
		ht.put(1000, "aaa");
		ht.put(2, "bbb");
		ht.put(30000, "ccc");
		System.out.println(ht.contains("aaa"));//true
		System.out.println(ht.containsValue("aaa"));//true
		System.out.println(ht.containsKey(30000));//true
		System.out.println(ht.get(30000));//ccc
		
		ht.put(30000, "ddd");  //更新覆盖ccc
		System.out.println(ht.get(30000));//ddd
		
		ht.remove(2);//删除Key为2的键值对
		System.out.println("size: " + ht.size());//2
		
		ht.clear();
		System.out.println("size: " + ht.size());//0
		
		//定义一个Hashtable,名为ht2,往其中存入10000个键值对
		Hashtable<Integer,String> ht2 =new Hashtable<Integer,String>();
		for(int i=0;i<100000;i++)
		{
			ht2.put(i, "aaa");
		}
		//调用不同的遍历方法,检测遍历10000个键值对的时间
		traverseByEntry(ht2);
		traverseByKeySet(ht2);
		traverseByKeyEnumeration(ht2);		
	}
	
	public static void traverseByEntry(Hashtable<Integer,String> ht)
	{
		long startTime = System.nanoTime();
		System.out.println("============Entry迭代器遍历==============");
		Integer key;
		String value;
		Iterator<Entry<Integer, String>> iter = ht.entrySet().iterator();
		while(iter.hasNext()) {
		    Map.Entry<Integer, String> entry = iter.next();
		    // 获取key
		    key = entry.getKey();
		    // 获取value
		    value = entry.getValue();
		    //System.out.println("Key:" + key + ", Value:" + value);
		}
		long endTime = System.nanoTime();
	    long duration = endTime - startTime;
	    System.out.println(duration + "纳秒");
	}
	
	public static void traverseByKeySet(Hashtable<Integer,String> ht)
	{
		long startTime = System.nanoTime();
		System.out.println("============KeySet迭代器遍历=============="); 
		Integer key;
		String value;
		Iterator<Integer> iter = ht.keySet().iterator();
		while(iter.hasNext()) {
		    key = iter.next();		    
		    // 获取value
		    value = ht.get(key);
		    //System.out.println("Key:" + key + ", Value:" + value);
		}
		long endTime = System.nanoTime();
	    long duration = endTime - startTime;
	    System.out.println(duration + "纳秒");
	}
	
	public static void traverseByKeyEnumeration(Hashtable<Integer,String> ht)
	{
		long startTime = System.nanoTime();
		System.out.println("============KeyEnumeration迭代器遍历=============="); 
		Integer key;
		String value;
		Enumeration<Integer> keys = ht.keys();
		while(keys.hasMoreElements()) {
		    key = keys.nextElement();   
		    // 获取value
		    value = ht.get(key);
		    //System.out.println("Key:" + key + ", Value:" + value);
		}
		long endTime = System.nanoTime();
	    long duration = endTime - startTime;
	    System.out.println(duration + "纳秒");
	}
}
输出:
true
true
true
ccc
ddd
size: 2
size: 0
============Entry迭代器遍历==============
35686317纳秒//直接将键值对遍历
============KeySet迭代器遍历==============
31397530纳秒//通过对Key进行遍历,然后再用get获取Value
============KeyEnumeration迭代器遍历==============
22381374纳秒//通过对Key进行遍历,然后再用get获取Value,(老版,只能读,不能进行删除或其他操作)

HashMap

– K-V对, K和V都允许为null
– 不同步,多线程不安全
– 无序的(存储、输出无序)
– 主要方法:与Hashtable相同

//与Hashtable的代码一般无二,可以直接看输出结果节省时间
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Map.Entry;

public class HashMapTest {

	public static void main(String[] args) {
		HashMap<Integer,String> hm =new  HashMap<Integer,String>();
		hm.put(1, null); 
		hm.put(null, "abc");  
		hm.put(1000, "aaa");
		hm.put(2, "bbb");
		hm.put(30000, "ccc");
		System.out.println(hm.containsValue("aaa"));
		System.out.println(hm.containsKey(30000));
		System.out.println(hm.get(30000));
		
		hm.put(30000, "ddd");  //更新覆盖ccc
		System.out.println(hm.get(30000));
		
		hm.remove(2);
		System.out.println("size: " + hm.size());
		
		hm.clear();
		System.out.println("size: " + hm.size());
		
		
		HashMap<Integer,String> hm2 =new  HashMap<Integer,String>();
		for(int i=0;i<100000;i++)
		{
			hm2.put(i, "aaa");
		}
		traverseByEntry(hm2);
		traverseByKeySet(hm2);		
	}
	
	public static void traverseByEntry(HashMap<Integer,String> ht)
	{
		long startTime = System.nanoTime();
		System.out.println("============Entry迭代器遍历==============");
		Integer key;
		String value;
		Iterator<Entry<Integer, String>> iter = ht.entrySet().iterator();
		while(iter.hasNext()) {
		    Map.Entry<Integer, String> entry = iter.next();
		    // 获取key
		    key = entry.getKey();
		    // 获取value
		    value = entry.getValue();
		    //System.out.println("Key:" + key + ", Value:" + value);
		}
		long endTime = System.nanoTime();
	    long duration = endTime - startTime;
	    System.out.println(duration + "纳秒");
	}
	
	
	public static void traverseByKeySet(HashMap<Integer,String> ht)
	{
		long startTime = System.nanoTime();
		System.out.println("============KeySet迭代器遍历=============="); 
		Integer key;
		String value;
		Iterator<Integer> iter = ht.keySet().iterator();
		while(iter.hasNext()) {
		    key = iter.next();		    
		    // 获取value
		    value = ht.get(key);
		    //System.out.println("Key:" + key + ", Value:" + value);
		}
		long endTime = System.nanoTime();
	    long duration = endTime - startTime;
	    System.out.println(duration + "纳秒");
	}
}
输出:
true
true
ccc
ddd
size: 4
size: 0
============Entry迭代器遍历==============
42959258纳秒
============KeySet迭代器遍历==============
21906456纳秒

LinkedHashMap

– 基于双向链表的维持插入顺序的HashMap

import java.util.LinkedHashMap;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Map.Entry;

public class LinkedHashMapTest {
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		LinkedHashMap<Integer,String> hm =new  LinkedHashMap<Integer,String>();
		hm.put(1, null); 
		hm.put(null, "abc");  
		hm.put(1000, "aaa");
		hm.put(2, "bbb");
		hm.put(30000, "ccc");
		System.out.println(hm.containsValue("aaa"));
		System.out.println(hm.containsKey(30000));
		System.out.println(hm.get(30000));
		
		hm.put(30000, "ddd");  //更新覆盖ccc
		System.out.println(hm.get(30000));
		
		hm.remove(2);
		System.out.println("size: " + hm.size());
		
		//hm.clear();
		//System.out.println("size: " + hm.size());
		
		System.out.println("遍历开始==================");
		
		Integer key;
		String value;
		Iterator<Entry<Integer, String>> iter = hm.entrySet().iterator();
		while(iter.hasNext()) {
		    Map.Entry<Integer, String> entry = iter.next();
		    // 获取key
		    key = entry.getKey();
		    // 获取value
		    value = entry.getValue();
		    System.out.println("Key:" + key + ", Value:" + value);
		}
		System.out.println("遍历结束==================");		
		
		LinkedHashMap<Integer,String> hm2 =new  LinkedHashMap<Integer,String>();
		for(int i=0;i<100000;i++)
		{
			hm2.put(i, "aaa");
		}
		traverseByEntry(hm2);
		traverseByKeySet(hm2);		
	}
	
	public static void traverseByEntry(LinkedHashMap<Integer,String> ht)
	{
		long startTime = System.nanoTime();
		System.out.println("============Entry迭代器遍历==============");
		Integer key;
		String value;
		Iterator<Entry<Integer, String>> iter = ht.entrySet().iterator();
		while(iter.hasNext()) {
		    Map.Entry<Integer, String> entry = iter.next();
		    // 获取key
		    key = entry.getKey();
		    // 获取value
		    value = entry.getValue();
		    //System.out.println("Key:" + key + ", Value:" + value);
		}
		long endTime = System.nanoTime();
	    long duration = endTime - startTime;
	    System.out.println(duration + "纳秒");
	}

	public static void traverseByKeySet(LinkedHashMap<Integer,String> ht)
	{
		long startTime = System.nanoTime();
		System.out.println("============KeySet迭代器遍历=============="); 
		Integer key;
		String value;
		Iterator<Integer> iter = ht.keySet().iterator();
		while(iter.hasNext()) {
		    key = iter.next();		    
		    // 获取value
		    value = ht.get(key);
		    //System.out.println("Key:" + key + ", Value:" + value);
		}
		long endTime = System.nanoTime();
	    long duration = endTime - startTime;
	    System.out.println(duration + "纳秒");
	}
}
输出:
true
true
ccc
ddd
size: 4
遍历开始==================
Key:1, Value:null//按插入顺序输出
Key:null, Value:abc
Key:1000, Value:aaa
Key:30000, Value:ddd
遍历结束==================
============Entry迭代器遍历==============
26373497纳秒
============KeySet迭代器遍历==============
24825636纳秒

TreeMap

– 基于红黑树的Map,可以根据key的自然排序或者compareTo方法进行排序输出

import java.util.TreeMap;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Map.Entry;

public class TreeMapTest {
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		TreeMap<Integer,String> hm =new  TreeMap<Integer,String>();
		hm.put(1, null); 
		//hm.put(null, "abc");  编译没错,运行报空指针异常  
		hm.put(1000, "aaa");
		hm.put(2, "bbb");
		hm.put(30000, "ccc");
		System.out.println(hm.containsValue("aaa"));
		System.out.println(hm.containsKey(30000));
		System.out.println(hm.get(30000));
		
		hm.put(30000, "ddd");  //更新覆盖ccc
		System.out.println(hm.get(30000));
		
		//hm.remove(2);
		System.out.println("size: " + hm.size());
		
		//hm.clear();
		//System.out.println("size: " + hm.size());
		
		System.out.println("遍历开始==================");
		
		Integer key;
		String value;
		Iterator<Entry<Integer, String>> iter = hm.entrySet().iterator();
		while(iter.hasNext()) {
		    Map.Entry<Integer, String> entry = iter.next();
		    // 获取key
		    key = entry.getKey();
		    // 获取value
		    value = entry.getValue();
		    System.out.println("Key:" + key + ", Value:" + value);
		}
		System.out.println("遍历结束==================");
		
		TreeMap<Integer,String> hm2 =new  TreeMap<Integer,String>();
		for(int i=0;i<100000;i++)
		{
			hm2.put(i, "aaa");
		}
		traverseByEntry(hm2);
		traverseByKeySet(hm2);		
	}
	
	public static void traverseByEntry(TreeMap<Integer,String> ht)
	{
		long startTime = System.nanoTime();
		System.out.println("============Entry迭代器遍历==============");
		Integer key;
		String value;
		Iterator<Entry<Integer, String>> iter = ht.entrySet().iterator();
		while(iter.hasNext()) {
		    Map.Entry<Integer, String> entry = iter.next();
		    // 获取key
		    key = entry.getKey();
		    // 获取value
		    value = entry.getValue();
		    //System.out.println("Key:" + key + ", Value:" + value);
		}
		long endTime = System.nanoTime();
	    long duration = endTime - startTime;
	    System.out.println(duration + "纳秒");
	}
	
	
	public static void traverseByKeySet(TreeMap<Integer,String> ht)
	{
		long startTime = System.nanoTime();
		System.out.println("============KeySet迭代器遍历=============="); 
		Integer key;
		String value;
		Iterator<Integer> iter = ht.keySet().iterator();
		while(iter.hasNext()) {
		    key = iter.next();		    
		    // 获取value
		    value = ht.get(key);
		    //System.out.println("Key:" + key + ", Value:" + value);
		}
		long endTime = System.nanoTime();
	    long duration = endTime - startTime;
	    System.out.println(duration + "纳秒");
	}
}
输出:
true
true
ccc
ddd
size: 4
遍历开始==================
Key:1, Value:null//根据Key排序后输出
Key:2, Value:bbb
Key:1000, Value:aaa
Key:30000, Value:ddd
遍历结束==================
============Entry迭代器遍历==============
34523604纳秒
============KeySet迭代器遍历==============
31939132纳秒

Properties

– 继承于Hashtable
– 可以将K-V对保存在文件中
– 适用于数据量少的配置文件
– 继承自Hashtable的方法: clear, contains/containsValue, containsKey,get, put,remove, size
在继承Hashtable方法的基础上新增4个方法

loadstoregetPropertysetProperty
从文件加载写入到文件中获取属性设置属性
import java.io.BufferedInputStream;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.io.FileOutputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.OutputStream;
import java.util.Enumeration;
import java.util.Properties;

//关于Properties类常用的操作
public class PropertiesTest {
    //根据Key读取Value
    public static String GetValueByKey(String filePath, String key) {
        Properties pps = new Properties();
        try {
            InputStream in = new BufferedInputStream (new FileInputStream(filePath));  
            pps.load(in); //所有的K-V对都加载了
            String value = pps.getProperty(key);
            //System.out.println(key + " = " + value);
            return value;
            
        }catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
            return null;
        }
    }
    
    //读取Properties的全部信息
    public static void GetAllProperties(String filePath) throws IOException {
        Properties pps = new Properties();
        InputStream in = new BufferedInputStream(new FileInputStream(filePath));
        pps.load(in); //所有的K-V对都加载了
        Enumeration en = pps.propertyNames(); //得到配置文件的名字
        
        while(en.hasMoreElements()) {
            String strKey = (String) en.nextElement();
            String strValue = pps.getProperty(strKey);
            //System.out.println(strKey + "=" + strValue);
        }
        
    }
    
    //写入Properties信息
    public static void WriteProperties (String filePath, String pKey, String pValue) throws IOException {
        File file = new File(filePath);
    	if(!file.exists())
    	{
    		file.createNewFile();
    	}
    	Properties pps = new Properties();
        
        InputStream in = new FileInputStream(filePath);
        //从输入流中读取属性列表(键和元素对) 
        pps.load(in);
        //调用 Hashtable 的方法 put。使用 getProperty 方法提供并行性。  
        //强制要求为属性的键和值使用字符串。返回值是 Hashtable 调用 put 的结果。
        OutputStream out = new FileOutputStream(filePath);
        pps.setProperty(pKey, pValue);
        //以适合使用 load 方法加载到 Properties 表中的格式,  
        //将此 Properties 表中的属性列表(键和元素对)写入输出流  
        pps.store(out, "Update " + pKey + " name");
        out.close();
    }
    
    public static void main(String [] args) throws IOException{
    	System.out.println("写入Test.properties================");
        WriteProperties("Test.properties","name", "12345");
        
        System.out.println("加载Test.properties================");
        GetAllProperties("Test.properties");
        
        System.out.println("从Test.properties加载================");
        String value = GetValueByKey("Test.properties", "name");
        System.out.println("name is " + value);
    }
}
输出:
写入Test.properties================//对应目录下也出现Test.properties
加载Test.properties================
从Test.properties加载================
name is 12345

在这里插入图片描述

总结

– HashMap是最常用的映射结构
– 如需要排序,考虑LinkedHashMap和TreeMap
– 如需要将K-V存储为文件,可采用Properties类

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