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最新推荐文章于 2024-07-23 14:36:35 发布

Gypsophila_01

最新推荐文章于 2024-07-23 14:36:35 发布

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点赞数 15

文章标签： python pytorch 深度学习

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/Gypsophila_01/article/details/136222706

版权

由于对论文实现的代码难读懂、难修改，因此想重新过一遍 pytorch

学习内容

1.Pytorch 代码学习

学习时间

2024.02.08 — 2024.02.21

学习笔记

Sample

Working with data

pytorch 中的 data，可以从某些包中下载，也可以自己准备，可以使用 dataloader 来封装数据，此处以 torchvision 中的包举例，使用方式如下：

from torchvision import datasets

# 从开放数据集下载训练数据，transform 和 target_transform 用于修改 samples 与 labels
training_data = datasets.FashionMNIST(
    root = "data",
    train = True,
    download = True,
    transform = ToTensor(),
)

# 从开放数据集下载测试数据
test_data = datasets.FashionMNIST(
    root = "data",
    train = False,
    download = True,
    transform = ToTensor(),
)

out:

Downloading http://fashion-mnist.s3-website.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/train-images-idx3-ubyte.gz
Downloading http://fashion-mnist.s3-website.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/train-images-idx3-ubyte.gz to data/FashionMNIST/raw/train-images-idx3-ubyte.gz

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 97%|#########7| 25755648/26421880 [00:01<00:00, 26323438.74it/s]
100%|##########| 26421880/26421880 [00:01<00:00, 18304165.24it/s]
Extracting data/FashionMNIST/raw/train-images-idx3-ubyte.gz to data/FashionMNIST/raw

Downloading http://fashion-mnist.s3-website.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/train-labels-idx1-ubyte.gz
Downloading http://fashion-mnist.s3-website.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/train-labels-idx1-ubyte.gz to data/FashionMNIST/raw/train-labels-idx1-ubyte.gz

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100%|##########| 29515/29515 [00:00<00:00, 329618.67it/s]
Extracting data/FashionMNIST/raw/train-labels-idx1-ubyte.gz to data/FashionMNIST/raw

Downloading http://fashion-mnist.s3-website.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/t10k-images-idx3-ubyte.gz
Downloading http://fashion-mnist.s3-website.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/t10k-images-idx3-ubyte.gz to data/FashionMNIST/raw/t10k-images-idx3-ubyte.gz

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100%|##########| 4422102/4422102 [00:00<00:00, 6114444.02it/s]
Extracting data/FashionMNIST/raw/t10k-images-idx3-ubyte.gz to data/FashionMNIST/raw

Downloading http://fashion-mnist.s3-website.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/t10k-labels-idx1-ubyte.gz
Downloading http://fashion-mnist.s3-website.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/t10k-labels-idx1-ubyte.gz to data/FashionMNIST/raw/t10k-labels-idx1-ubyte.gz

  0%|          | 0/5148 [00:00<?, ?it/s]
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Extracting data/FashionMNIST/raw/t10k-labels-idx1-ubyte.gz to data/FashionMNIST/raw

然后把数据放在 dataloader 中封装起来，设定每个 batch 为 64

batch_size = 64

train_dataloader = DataLoader(training_data, batch_size = batch_size)
test_dataloader = DataLoader(test_data, batch_size = batch_size)

for X, y in test_dataloader:
    print(f"Shape of X [N, C, H, W]: {X.shape}")
    print(f"Shape of y: {y.shape} {y.dtype}")
    break

out:

Shape of X [N, C, H, W]: torch.Size([64, 1, 28, 28])
Shape of y: torch.Size([64]) torch.int64

Creating Models

使用 nn.Module 创建网络，并在 __init__ 中定义 layers

# Get cpu, gpu or mps device for training.
device = (
    "cuda"
    if torch.cuda.is_available()
    else "mps"
    if torch.backends.mps.is_available()
    else "cpu"
)
print(f"Using {device} device")

# Define model
class NeuralNetwork(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()
        self.flatten = nn.Flatten()
        self.linear_relu_stack = nn.Sequential(
            nn.Linear(28*28, 512),
            nn.ReLU(),
            nn.Linear(512, 512),
            nn.ReLU(),
            nn.Linear(512, 10)
        )

    def forward(self, x):
        x = self.flatten(x)
        logits = self.linear_relu_stack(x)
        return logits

model = NeuralNetwork().to(device)
print(model)

out:

Using cuda device
NeuralNetwork(
  (flatten): Flatten(start_dim=1, end_dim=-1)
  (linear_relu_stack): Sequential(
    (0): Linear(in_features=784, out_features=512, bias=True)
    (1): ReLU()
    (2): Linear(in_features=512, out_features=512, bias=True)
    (3): ReLU()
    (4): Linear(in_features=512, out_features=10, bias=True)
  )
)

Optimizing the Model Parameters

训练模型需要 loss 与 optimizer，定义：

loss_fn = nn.CrossEntropyLoss()
optimizer = torch.optim.SGD(model.parameters(), lr=1e-3)

训练，预测并进行反向传播：

def train(dataloader, model, loss_fn, optimizer):
    size = len(dataloader.dataset)
    model.train()
    for batch, (X, y) in enumerate(dataloader):
        X, y = X.to(device), y.to(device)

        # Compute prediction error
        pred = model(X)
        loss = loss_fn(pred, y)

        # Backpropagation
        loss.backward()
        optimizer.step()
        optimizer.zero_grad()

        if batch % 100 == 0:
            loss, current = loss.item(), (batch + 1) * len(X)
            print(f"loss: {loss:>7f}  [{current:>5d}/{size:>5d}]")

test 函数来计算精度：

def test(dataloader, model, loss_fn):
    size = len(dataloader.dataset)
    num_batches = len(dataloader)
    model.eval()
    test_loss, correct = 0, 0
    with torch.no_grad():
        for X, y in dataloader:
            X, y = X.to(device), y.to(device)
            pred = model(X)
            test_loss += loss_fn(pred, y).item()
            correct += (pred.argmax(1) == y).type(torch.float).sum().item()
    test_loss /= num_batches
    correct /= size
    print(f"Test Error: \n Accuracy: {(100*correct):>0.1f}%, Avg loss: {test_loss:>8f} \n")

定义迭代数

epochs = 5
for t in range(epochs):
    print(f"Epoch {t+1}\n-------------------------------")
    train(train_dataloader, model, loss_fn, optimizer)
    test(test_dataloader, model, loss_fn)
print("Done!")

out:

Epoch 1
-------------------------------
loss: 2.303494  [   64/60000]
loss: 2.294637  [ 6464/60000]
loss: 2.277102  [12864/60000]
loss: 2.269977  [19264/60000]
loss: 2.254235  [25664/60000]
loss: 2.237146  [32064/60000]
loss: 2.231055  [38464/60000]
loss: 2.205037  [44864/60000]
loss: 2.203240  [51264/60000]
loss: 2.170889  [57664/60000]
Test Error:
 Accuracy: 53.9%, Avg loss: 2.168588

Epoch 2
-------------------------------
loss: 2.177787  [   64/60000]
loss: 2.168083  [ 6464/60000]
loss: 2.114910  [12864/60000]
loss: 2.130412  [19264/60000]
loss: 2.087473  [25664/60000]
loss: 2.039670  [32064/60000]
loss: 2.054274  [38464/60000]
loss: 1.985457  [44864/60000]
loss: 1.996023  [51264/60000]
loss: 1.917241  [57664/60000]
Test Error:
 Accuracy: 60.2%, Avg loss: 1.920374

Epoch 3
-------------------------------
loss: 1.951705  [   64/60000]
loss: 1.919516  [ 6464/60000]
loss: 1.808730  [12864/60000]
loss: 1.846550  [19264/60000]
loss: 1.740618  [25664/60000]
loss: 1.698733  [32064/60000]
loss: 1.708889  [38464/60000]
loss: 1.614436  [44864/60000]
loss: 1.646475  [51264/60000]
loss: 1.524308  [57664/60000]
Test Error:
 Accuracy: 61.4%, Avg loss: 1.547092

Epoch 4
-------------------------------
loss: 1.612695  [   64/60000]
loss: 1.570870  [ 6464/60000]
loss: 1.424730  [12864/60000]
loss: 1.489542  [19264/60000]
loss: 1.367256  [25664/60000]
loss: 1.373464  [32064/60000]
loss: 1.376744  [38464/60000]
loss: 1.304962  [44864/60000]
loss: 1.347154  [51264/60000]
loss: 1.230661  [57664/60000]
Test Error:
 Accuracy: 62.7%, Avg loss: 1.260891

Epoch 5
-------------------------------
loss: 1.337803  [   64/60000]
loss: 1.313278  [ 6464/60000]
loss: 1.151837  [12864/60000]
loss: 1.252142  [19264/60000]
loss: 1.123048  [25664/60000]
loss: 1.159531  [32064/60000]
loss: 1.175011  [38464/60000]
loss: 1.115554  [44864/60000]
loss: 1.160974  [51264/60000]
loss: 1.062730  [57664/60000]
Test Error:
 Accuracy: 64.6%, Avg loss: 1.087374

Done!

Saving Models

保存模型的一种常见方法是序列化内部状态字典（包含模型参数）

torch.save(model.state_dict(), "model.pth")
print("Saved PyTorch Model State to model.pth")

out:

Saved PyTorch Model State to model.pth

Loading Models

将模型的状态字典加载

model = NeuralNetwork().to(device)
model.load_state_dict(torch.load("model.pth"))

out:

<All keys matched successfully>

classes = [
    "T-shirt/top",
    "Trouser",
    "Pullover",
    "Dress",
    "Coat",
    "Sandal",
    "Shirt",
    "Sneaker",
    "Bag",
    "Ankle boot",
]

model.eval()
x, y = test_data[0][0], test_data[0][1]
with torch.no_grad():
    x = x.to(device)
    pred = model(x)
    predicted, actual = classes[pred[0].argmax(0)], classes[y]
    print(f'Predicted: "{predicted}", Actual: "{actual}"')

out:

Predicted: "Ankle boot", Actual: "Ankle boot"

Tensors

Initializing a Tensor

张量，形如矩阵，跟 numpy 中的 ndarrays 类似，且可以进行可微优化

可以直接赋值创建：

data = [[1, 2], [3, 4]]
x_data = torch.tensor(data)

也可以用 numpy 数组赋值：

np_array = np.array(data)
x_np = torch.from_numpy(np_array)

可以从其它 tensor 赋值，且保留原属性

x_ones = torch.ones_like(x_data) # retains the properties of x_data
print(f"Ones Tensor: \n {x_ones} \n")

x_rand = torch.rand_like(x_data, dtype=torch.float) # overrides the datatype of x_data
print(f"Random Tensor: \n {x_rand} \n")

out:

Ones Tensor:
 tensor([[1, 1],
        [1, 1]])

Random Tensor:
 tensor([[0.8823, 0.9150],
        [0.3829, 0.9593]])

随机或连续值：

shape 是一个元组，用于表示张量的维度

shape = (2, 3,)
rand_tensor = torch.rand(shape)
ones_tensor = torch.ones(shape)
zeros_tensor = torch.zeros(shape)

print(f"Random Tensor: \n {rand_tensor} \n")
print(f"Ones Tensor: \n {ones_tensor} \n")
print(f"Zeros Tensor: \n {zeros_tensor}")

out:

Random Tensor:
 tensor([[0.3904, 0.6009, 0.2566],
        [0.7936, 0.9408, 0.1332]])

Ones Tensor:
 tensor([[1., 1., 1.],
        [1., 1., 1.]])

Zeros Tensor:
 tensor([[0., 0., 0.],
        [0., 0., 0.]])

Attributes of a Tensor

张量的属性可以表示其 shape，datatype，device

tensor = torch.rand(3,4)

print(f"Shape of tensor: {tensor.shape}")
print(f"Datatype of tensor: {tensor.dtype}")
print(f"Device tensor is stored on: {tensor.device}")

out:

Shape of tensor: torch.Size([3, 4])
Datatype of tensor: torch.float32
Device tensor is stored on: cpu

Operations on Tensors

张量可以进行矩阵的各种操作，张量在 cpu 上创建，通过方法 .to 移动到 gpu 上

# We move our tensor to the GPU if available
if torch.cuda.is_available():
    tensor = tensor.to("cuda")

张量的切片等操作：

tensor = torch.ones(4, 4)
print(f"First row: {tensor[0]}")
print(f"First column: {tensor[:, 0]}")
print(f"Last column: {tensor[..., -1]}")
tensor[:,1] = 0
print(tensor)

out:

First row: tensor([1., 1., 1., 1.])
First column: tensor([1., 1., 1., 1.])
Last column: tensor([1., 1., 1., 1.])
tensor([[1., 0., 1., 1.],
        [1., 0., 1., 1.],
        [1., 0., 1., 1.],
        [1., 0., 1., 1.]])

使用 .cat 进行张量的连接：

t1 = torch.cat([tensor, tensor, tensor], dim=1)
print(t1)

out:

tensor([[1., 0., 1., 1., 1., 0., 1., 1., 1., 0., 1., 1.],
        [1., 0., 1., 1., 1., 0., 1., 1., 1., 0., 1., 1.],
        [1., 0., 1., 1., 1., 0., 1., 1., 1., 0., 1., 1.],
        [1., 0., 1., 1., 1., 0., 1., 1., 1., 0., 1., 1.]])

张量运算：

# This computes the matrix multiplication between two tensors. y1, y2, y3 will have the same value
# ``tensor.T`` returns the transpose of a tensor
y1 = tensor @ tensor.T
y2 = tensor.matmul(tensor.T)

y3 = torch.rand_like(y1)
torch.matmul(tensor, tensor.T, out=y3)


# This computes the element-wise product. z1, z2, z3 will have the same value
z1 = tensor * tensor
z2 = tensor.mul(tensor)

z3 = torch.rand_like(tensor)
torch.mul(tensor, tensor, out=z3)

out:

tensor([[1., 0., 1., 1.],
        [1., 0., 1., 1.],
        [1., 0., 1., 1.],
        [1., 0., 1., 1.]])

张量求和：

agg = tensor.sum()
agg_item = agg.item()
print(agg_item, type(agg_item))

就地操作，一般有下标 _ 表示，直接对张量本身操作并保存，不过就地操作不能保存导数，因此不建议使用

print(f"{tensor} \n")
tensor.add_(5)
print(tensor)

out:

tensor([[1., 0., 1., 1.],
        [1., 0., 1., 1.],
        [1., 0., 1., 1.],
        [1., 0., 1., 1.]])

tensor([[6., 5., 6., 6.],
        [6., 5., 6., 6.],
        [6., 5., 6., 6.],
        [6., 5., 6., 6.]])

Bridge with Numpy

以下是将 numpy 数组与 tensor 关联起来的方法，会被同时修改：

t = torch.ones(5)
print(f"t:{t}")
n = t.numpy()
print(f"n:{n}")

out:

t: tensor([1., 1., 1., 1., 1.])
n: [1. 1. 1. 1. 1.]

此时修改：

t.add_(1)
print(f"t: {t}")
print(f"n: {n}")

out:

t: tensor([2., 2., 2., 2., 2.])
n: [2. 2. 2. 2. 2.]

Numpy array to Tensor

n = np.ones(5)
t = torch.from_numpy(n)

也会一起被修改：

np.add(n, 1, out=n)
print(f"t: {t}")
print(f"n: {n}")

out:

t: tensor([2., 2., 2., 2., 2.], dtype=torch.float64)
n: [2. 2. 2. 2. 2.]

Datasets & DataLoaders

Loading a Dataset

两个与数据相关的类：torch.utils.data.DataLoader 和 torch.utils.data.Dataset，可以使用预加载的数据集与自己数据的数据集

以下参数分别表示为：

root 表示数据保存在哪里
train 表示是训练集还是验证集
download 下载不在 root 下的数据集
transform 和 target_transform 指定特征与标签转换

其中 ToTensor 可以将 rgb 图片或 ndarray 转换为 tensor

import torch
from torch.utils.data import Dataset
from torchvision import datasets
from torchvision.transforms import ToTensor
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt


training_data = datasets.FashionMNIST(
    root="data",
    train=True,
    download=True,
    transform=ToTensor()
)

test_data = datasets.FashionMNIST(
    root="data",
    train=False,
    download=True,
    transform=ToTensor()
)

out:

Downloading http://fashion-mnist.s3-website.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/train-images-idx3-ubyte.gz
Downloading http://fashion-mnist.s3-website.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/train-images-idx3-ubyte.gz to data/FashionMNIST/raw/train-images-idx3-ubyte.gz

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 70%|#######   | 18513920/26421880 [00:01<00:00, 22779451.04it/s]
 92%|#########1| 24248320/26421880 [00:01<00:00, 30575619.30it/s]
100%|##########| 26421880/26421880 [00:01<00:00, 19280270.92it/s]
Extracting data/FashionMNIST/raw/train-images-idx3-ubyte.gz to data/FashionMNIST/raw

Downloading http://fashion-mnist.s3-website.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/train-labels-idx1-ubyte.gz
Downloading http://fashion-mnist.s3-website.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/train-labels-idx1-ubyte.gz to data/FashionMNIST/raw/train-labels-idx1-ubyte.gz

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Extracting data/FashionMNIST/raw/train-labels-idx1-ubyte.gz to data/FashionMNIST/raw

Downloading http://fashion-mnist.s3-website.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/t10k-images-idx3-ubyte.gz
Downloading http://fashion-mnist.s3-website.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/t10k-images-idx3-ubyte.gz to data/FashionMNIST/raw/t10k-images-idx3-ubyte.gz

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Extracting data/FashionMNIST/raw/t10k-images-idx3-ubyte.gz to data/FashionMNIST/raw

Downloading http://fashion-mnist.s3-website.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/t10k-labels-idx1-ubyte.gz
Downloading http://fashion-mnist.s3-website.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/t10k-labels-idx1-ubyte.gz to data/FashionMNIST/raw/t10k-labels-idx1-ubyte.gz

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Extracting data/FashionMNIST/raw/t10k-labels-idx1-ubyte.gz to data/FashionMNIST/raw

Iterating and Visualizing the Dataset

可视化数据集：

labels_map = {
    0: "T-Shirt",
    1: "Trouser",
    2: "Pullover",
    3: "Dress",
    4: "Coat",
    5: "Sandal",
    6: "Shirt",
    7: "Sneaker",
    8: "Bag",
    9: "Ankle Boot",
}
figure = plt.figure(figsize=(8, 8))
cols, rows = 3, 3
for i in range(1, cols * rows + 1):
    sample_idx = torch.randint(len(training_data), size=(1,)).item()
    img, label = training_data[sample_idx]
    figure.add_subplot(rows, cols, i)
    plt.title(labels_map[label])
    plt.axis("off")
    plt.imshow(img.squeeze(), cmap="gray")
plt.show()

Creating a Custom Dataset for your files

构建一个数据集需要写三个函数：__init__ __len__ __getitem__

对于 FashionMNIST 数据集，图片和标签是分开存放的。使用例：

其中 torchvision.io.read_image() 可以将图片转换为张量

import os
import pandas as pd
from torchvision.io import read_image

class CustomImageDataset(Dataset):
    def __init__(self, annotations_file, img_dir, transform=None, target_transform=None):
        self.img_labels = pd.read_csv(annotations_file)
        self.img_dir = img_dir
        self.transform = transform
        self.target_transform = target_transform

    def __len__(self):
        return len(self.img_labels)

    def __getitem__(self, idx):
        img_path = os.path.join(self.img_dir, self.img_labels.iloc[idx, 0])
        image = read_image(img_path)
        label = self.img_labels.iloc[idx, 1]
        if self.transform:
            image = self.transform(image)
        if self.target_transform:
            label = self.target_transform(label)
        return image, label

init

__init__ 函数在实例化 Dataset 时会运行一次，初始化的内容包括图像、注释文件与这两个 transform 的目录

标签数据集形如：

tshirt1.jpg, 0
tshirt2.jpg, 0
......
ankleboot999.jpg, 9

def __init__(self, annotations_file, img_dir, transform=None, target_transform=None):
    self.img_labels = pd.read_csv(annotations_file)
    self.img_dir = img_dir
    self.transform = transform
    self.target_transform = target_transform

len

返回数据集中样本的数量

def __len__(self):
    return len(self.img_labels)

getitem

从给定索引 idx 的数据集中加载并返回一个样本，读取存储中的图像，并转换为张量（通过 read_image ），并在 self.img_labels 中的 csv 数据中检索相应的标签，调用上面的 transform 函数，并返回张量与对应的标签

def __getitem__(self, idx):
    img_path = os.path.join(self.img_dir, self.img_labels.iloc[idx, 0])
    image = read_image(img_path)
    label = self.img_labels.iloc[idx, 1]
    if self.transform:
        image = self.transform(image)
    if self.target_transform:
        label = self.target_transform(label)
    return image, label

Preparing your data for training with DataLoaders

为了方便迭代，shuffle，batch 等操作提供的一个简易的方式，如下：

from torch.utils.data import DataLoader

train_dataloader = DataLoader(training_data, batch_size=64, shuffle=True)
test_dataloader = DataLoader(test_data, batch_size=64, shuffle=True)

Iterate through the DataLoader

每个迭代都会返回一批图像与标签

# Display image and label.
train_features, train_labels = next(iter(train_dataloader))
print(f"Feature batch shape: {train_features.size()}")
print(f"Labels batch shape: {train_labels.size()}")
img = train_features[0].squeeze()
label = train_labels[0]
plt.imshow(img, cmap="gray")
plt.show()
print(f"Label: {label}")