__next__和__iter__实现迭代器协议
class Foo:
def __init__(self,x):
self.x=x
def __iter__(self):
return self
def __next__(self):
n=self.x
self.x+=1
return self.x
f=Foo(3)
for i in f:
print(i)
class Foo:
def __init__(self,start,stop):
self.num=start
self.stop=stop
def __iter__(self):
return self
def __next__(self):
if self.num >= self.stop:
raise StopIteration
n=self.num
self.num+=1
return n
f=Foo(1,5)
from collections import Iterable,Iterator
print(isinstance(f,Iterator))
for i in Foo(1,5):
print(i)
练习:简单模拟range,加上步长
class Range:
def __init__(self,n,stop,step):
self.n=n
self.stop=stop
self.step=step
def __next__(self):
if self.n >= self.stop:
raise StopIteration
x=self.n
self.n+=self.step
return x
def __iter__(self):
return self
for i in Range(1,7,3): #
print(i)
斐波那契数列
class Fib:
def __init__(self):
self._a=0
self._b=1
def __iter__(self):
return self
def __next__(self):
self._a,self._b=self._b,self._a + self._b
return self._a
f1=Fib()
print(f1.__next__())
print(next(f1))
print(next(f1))
for i in f1:
if i > 100:
break
print('%s ' %i,end='')
#打印:
1
1
2
3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89
__enter__和__exit__
操作文件对象的时候可以这么写
with open('a.txt') as f:
'代码块'
上述叫做上下文管理协议
,即with语句,为了让一个对象兼容with语句,必须在这个对象的类中声明__enter__
和__exit__
方法
- 上下文管理协议
class Open:
def __init__(self,name):
self.name=name
def __enter__(self):
print('出现with语句,对象的__enter__被触发,有返回值则赋值给as声明的变量')
# return self
def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
print('with中代码块执行完毕时执行我啊')
with Open('a.txt') as f:
print('=====>执行代码块')
# print(f,f.name)
__exit__()
中的三个参数分别代表异常类型,异常值和追溯信息,with语句中代码块出现异常,则with后的代码都无法执行
class Open:
def __init__(self,name):
self.name=name
def __enter__(self):
print('出现with语句,对象的__enter__被触发,有返回值则赋值给as声明的变量')
def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
print('with中代码块执行完毕时执行我啊')
print(exc_type)
print(exc_val)
print(exc_tb)
with Open('a.txt') as f:
print('=====>执行代码块')
raise AttributeError('***着火啦,救火啊***')
print('0'*100) #------------------------------->不会执行
如果__exit()__返回值为True,那么异常会被清空,就好像啥都没发生一样,with后的语句正常执行
class Open:
def __init__(self,name):
self.name=name
def __enter__(self):
print('出现with语句,对象的__enter__被触发,有返回值则赋值给as声明的变量')
def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
print('with中代码块执行完毕时执行我啊')
print(exc_type)
print(exc_val)
print(exc_tb)
return True
with Open('a.txt') as f:
print('=====>执行代码块')
raise AttributeError('***着火啦,救火啊***')
print('0'*100) #------------------------------->会执行
class Open:
def __init__(self,filepath,mode='r',encoding='utf-8'):
self.filepath=filepath
self.mode=mode
self.encoding=encoding
def __enter__(self):
# print('enter')
self.f=open(self.filepath,mode=self.mode,encoding=self.encoding)
return self.f
def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
# print('exit')
self.f.close()
return True
def __getattr__(self, item):
return getattr(self.f,item)
with Open('a.txt','w') as f:
print(f)
f.write('aaaaaa')
f.wasdf #抛出异常,交给__exit__处理
用途或者说好处:
1.使用with语句的目的就是把代码块放入with中执行,with结束后,自动完成清理工作,无须手动干预
2.在需要管理一些资源比如文件,网络连接和锁的编程环境中,可以在__exit__中定制自动释放资源的机制,你无须再去关系这个问题,这将大有用处