C++初阶小项目——日期类的实现

前言:在完成c++入门基础类和对象初步了解,旨在通过此项目完成类和对象相关操作的实践

一,完成准备工作

与之前类似,建立Date.h Date.cpp Test.cpp三个文件

Date.h

完成类及类函数的声明

Date.cpp

完成具体函数的实现

Test.cpp

测试程序可执行性

二, 具体函数的实现

1,构造函数Date(int year = 1900, int month = 1, int day = 1); 

Date::Date(int year, int month, int day)
{
	_year = year;
	_month = month;
	_day = day;
}

可以检查日期准确性 

if (!CheckDate())
{
	cout << "⽇期⾮法" << endl;
}

总代码 

Date::Date(int year, int month, int day)
{
	_year = year;
	_month = month;
	_day = day;

	if (!CheckDate())
	{
		cout << "⽇期⾮法" << endl;
	}

}

2,void Print(); 

void Date::Print()
{
	cout << _year << "-" << _month << "-" << _day << endl;
}

3,GetMonthDay(int year, int month); 

//默认为内联函数incline
//频繁调用的简短内敛函数不用建立栈帧
int GetMonthDay(int year, int month)
{
	static int monthDayArray[13] = { -1, 31, 28, 31, 30, 31, 30 ,31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31 };

	//判断闰年
	//能被4整除,但不能被100整除
	//能被400整除
	if (month == 2 && (year % 4 == 0 && year % 100 != 0) || (year % 400 == 0))
	{
		return 29;
	}

	return monthDayArray[month];
}
assert(month > 0 && month < 13);
int GetMonthDay(int year, int month)
{
	assert(month > 0 && month < 13);

	static int monthDayArray[13] = { -1, 31, 28, 31, 30, 31, 30 ,31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31 };


	if (month == 2 && (year % 4 == 0 && year % 100 != 0) || (year % 400 == 0))
	{
		return 29;
	}

	return monthDayArray[month];
}

注:该函数建立在类里面,因为类里面默认为内联函数incline,频繁调用的简短内敛函数不用建立栈帧 

 month == 2 在 (year % 4 == 0 && year % 100 != 0) || (year % 400 == 0)

因为这样减少判断,极高效率

4,Date& operator+=(int day);  

思路:先加上天数与当月总天数比较,比总天数大则减去 当月总天数 月份加一

单独考虑12月变为1月

Date& Date::operator+=(int day)
{
	_day += day;
	while (_day > GetMonthDay(_year, _month))
	{
		_day -= GetMonthDay(_year, _month);
		++_month;
		if (_month == 13)
		{
			_year++;
			_month = 1;
		}
	}

	return *this;
}
//第一种
Date d2 = d1 + 100;
//第二种
Date d3(d1 + 100);

注:需考虑day为负数 

if (day < 0)
{
	return *this -= (-day);
}

总代码 

Date& Date::operator+=(int day)
{
	if (day < 0)
	{
		return *this -= (-day);
	}

	_day += day;
	while (_day > GetMonthDay(_year, _month))
	{
		_day -= GetMonthDay(_year, _month);
		++_month;
		if (_month == 13)
		{
			_year++;
			_month = 1;
		}
	}

	return *this;
}

5,Date operator+(int day) ; 

第一种

Date Date::operator+(int day)
{
	Date tmp = *this;

	tmp._day += day;
	while (tmp._day > GetMonthDay(tmp._year, tmp._month))
	{
		tmp._day -= GetMonthDay(tmp._year, tmp._month);
		++tmp._month;
		if (tmp._month == 13)
		{
			tmp._year++;
			tmp._month = 1;
		}
	}

	return tmp;
}
d1 += 100;
d1.Print();

第二种(复用)

Date Date::operator+(int day)
{
	Date tmp = *this;

	tmp += day;


	return tmp;
}

注:4和5注意引用的使用 

6,Date& operator-=(int day);

思路:先减天数,如果差<0 则月减一(一月变十二月单独考虑 年也要减一)差加上此时月总天数

第一种 

Date& Date::operator-=(int day)
{
	_day -= day;
	while (_day <= 0)
	{
		--_month;
		if (_month == 1)
		{
			_month = 12;
			--_year;
		}
		_day += GetMonthDay(_year, _month);
	}
	return *this;
}

第二种(复用) 

Date& Date::operator-=(int day)
{
	*this = *this - day;
	return *this;
}

 注:需考虑day为负数 

if (day < 0)
{
	return *this += (-day);
}

总代码 

Date& Date::operator-=(int day)
{
	if (day < 0)
	{
		return *this += (-day);
	}

	_day -= day;
	while (_day <= 0)
	{
		--_month;
		if (_month == 1)
		{
			_month = 12;
			--_year;
		}
		_day += GetMonthDay(_year, _month);
	}
	return *this;
}

7,Date operator-(int day);   

第一种(复用) 

Date Date::operator-(int day)
{
	Date tmp = *this;
	tmp -= day;

	return tmp;
}

第二种 

Date Date::operator-(int day)
{
	Date tmp = *this;
	

	tmp._day -= day;
	while (tmp._day <= 0)
	{
		--tmp._month;
		if (tmp._month == 1)
		{
			tmp._month = 12;
			--tmp._year;
		}
		tmp._day += GetMonthDay(tmp._year, tmp._month);
	}
	

	return tmp;
}

思考: -复用-=   和   -=复用-   哪个好

结论:-复用-= 更优

原因:

实现 - tmp都需要两次拷贝,效果一样的

-=复用- 也需要拷贝(多了三次拷贝)

8,bool operator<(const Date& d); 

bool Date::operator+(const Date& d)
{
	if (_year < d._year)
	{
		return true;
	} 
	else if (_year == d._year)
		
		if (_month < d._month)
		{
		return true;
		} 
		else if (_month == d._month)
		{
		return _day < d._day;
		}
	
		return false;
}

9,bool operator==(const Date& d); 

bool Date::operator==(const Date& d)
{
	return _year == d._year
		&& _month == d._month
		&& _day == d._day;
}

利用8和9 可以完成其他比较函数 

10,bool operator<=(const Date& d); 

bool Date::operator<=(const Date& d) 
{
	return *this < d || *this == d;
}

11,bool operator>(const Date& d); 

bool Date::operator>(const Date& d) 
{
	return !(*this <= d);
}

12,bool operator>=(const Date& d); 

bool Date::operator>=(const Date& d) 
{
	return !(*this < d);
}

13,bool operator!=(const Date& d); 

bool Date::operator!=(const Date& d) 
{
	return !(*this == d);
}

14, Date& operator++();

前置 

重载++运算符时,有前置++和后置++,运算符重载函数名都是operator++,⽆法很好的区分。C++规定,后置++重载时,增加⼀个int形参,跟前置++构成函数重载,⽅便区分。

Date& Date::operator++()
{
	*this += 1;
	return *this;
}

15,Date operator++(int); 

后置 (比前置多了拷贝,更推荐前置++)

Date Date::operator++(int)
{
	Date tmp(*this);
	*this += 1;
	return tmp;
}

16,Date& operator--();

Date& Date::operator--()
{
*this -= 1;
return *this;
}

17,Date operator--(int); 

Date Date::operator--(int)
{
Date tmp = *this;
*this -= 1;
return tmp;
}

 18,int operator-(const Date& d);

日期-日期=天数

方法论:判断大小,小循环+1到与大相同,此时加的次数即为天数 

int Date::operator-(const Date& d) 
{
	Date max = *this;
	Date min = d;
	int flag = 1;
	if (*this < d)
	{
		max = d;
		min = *this;
		flag = -1;
	} 
	int n = 0;
	while (min != max)
	{
		++min;
		++n;
	} 
	return n* flag;
}

19,bool CheckDate(); 

bool Date::CheckDate()
{
	if (_month < 1 || _month > 12
		|| _day < 1 || _day > GetMonthDay(_year, _month))
	{
		return false;
	} 
	else
	{
	return true;
	}
}

20,ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const Date& d); 

ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const Date& d)
{
	out << d._year << "年" << d._month << "⽉" << d._day << "⽇" << endl;
	return out;
} 

21,istream& operator>>(istream& in, Date& d);

istream& operator>>(istream& in, Date& d)
{
	cout << "请依次输⼊年⽉⽇:>";
	in >> d._year >> d._month >> d._day;
	if (!d.CheckDate())
	{
		cout << "⽇期⾮法" << endl;
	}
	return in;
}

重载<<和>>时,需要重载为全局函数,因为重载为成员函数,this指针默认抢占了第⼀个形参位置,第⼀个形参位置是左侧运算对象,调⽤时就变成了 对象<<cout,不符合使⽤习惯和可读性。重载为全局函数把ostream/istream放到第⼀个形参位置就可以了,第⼆个形参位置当类类型对象。 

20,21为全局函数

可以用 友元函数声明 来访问类的数据 

需要连续输出,流插入为从左向右,故返回值应为 out

// 友元函数声明
friend ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const Date& d);
friend istream& operator>>(istream& in, Date& d);

22,变为const成员函数 

 在不改变对象的前提下,建议写成const成员函数

三,总代码预览 

 Date.h

#pragma once
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
#include<assert.h>

class Date
{
	// 友元函数声明
	friend ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const Date& d);
	friend istream& operator>>(istream& in, Date& d);

public:
	Date(int year = 1900, int month = 1, int day = 1);
	void Print() const;

	//默认为内联函数incline
	//频繁调用的简短内敛函数不用建立栈帧
	int GetMonthDay(int year, int month) const
	{
		assert(month > 0 && month < 13);

		static int monthDayArray[13] = { -1, 31, 28, 31, 30, 31, 30 ,31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31 };

		//判断闰年
		//能被4整除,但不能被100整除
		//能被400整除
		if (month == 2 && (year % 4 == 0 && year % 100 != 0) || (year % 400 == 0))
		{
			return 29;
		}

		return monthDayArray[month];
	}

	bool CheckDate() const;


	bool operator<(const Date& d) const;
	bool operator<=(const Date& d) const;
	bool operator>(const Date& d) const;
	bool operator>=(const Date& d) const;
	bool operator==(const Date& d) const;
	bool operator!=(const Date& d) const;

	// d1 += 天数
	Date& operator+=(int day);
	Date operator+(int day) const;
	// d1 -= 天数
	Date& operator-=(int day);
	Date operator-(int day)const;

	Date& operator++();
	Date operator++(int);

	Date& operator--();
	Date operator--(int);



	int operator-(const Date& d) const;

private:
	int _year;
	int _month;
	int _day;
};

// 重载
ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const Date& d);
istream& operator>>(istream& in, Date& d);

Date.cpp 

#include"Date.h"

Date::Date(int year, int month, int day)
{
	_year = year;
	_month = month;
	_day = day;

	if (!CheckDate())
	{
		cout << "⽇期⾮法" << endl;
	}

}

void Date::Print() const
{
	cout << _year << "-" << _month << "-" << _day << endl;
}

Date& Date::operator+=(int day)
{
	if (day < 0)
	{
		return *this -= (-day);
	}

	_day += day;
	while (_day > GetMonthDay(_year, _month))
	{
		_day -= GetMonthDay(_year, _month);
		++_month;
		if (_month == 13)
		{
			_year++;
			_month = 1;
		}
	}

	return *this;
}

Date Date::operator+(int day) const
{
	Date tmp = *this;

	tmp += day;
	/*tmp._day += day;
	while (tmp._day > GetMonthDay(tmp._year, tmp._month))
	{
		tmp._day -= GetMonthDay(tmp._year, tmp._month);
		++tmp._month;
		if (tmp._month == 13)
		{
			tmp._year++;
			tmp._month = 1;
		}
	}*/

	return tmp;
}

Date& Date::operator-=(int day)
{
	if (day < 0)
	{
		return *this += (-day);
	}

	_day -= day;
	while (_day <= 0)
	{
		--_month;
		if (_month == 1)
		{
			_month = 12;
			--_year;
		}
		_day += GetMonthDay(_year, _month);
	}
	return *this;
}
//第二种
//Date& Date::operator-=(int day)
//{
//	*this = *this - day;
//	return *this;
//}

Date Date::operator-(int day) const
{
	Date tmp = *this;
	tmp -= day;

	//tmp._day -= day;
	//while (tmp._day <= 0)
	//{
	//	--tmp._month;
	//	if (tmp._month == 1)
	//	{
	//		tmp._month = 12;
	//		--tmp._year;
	//	}
	//	tmp._day += GetMonthDay(tmp._year, tmp._month);
	//}
	//

	return tmp;
}

bool Date::operator<(const Date& d) const
{
	if (_year < d._year)
	{
		return true;
	} 
	else if (_year == d._year)
		
		if (_month < d._month)
		{
		return true;
		} 
		else if (_month == d._month)
		{
		return _day < d._day;
		}
	
		return false;
}

bool Date::operator==(const Date& d) const
{
	return _year == d._year
		&& _month == d._month
		&& _day == d._day;
}

bool Date::operator<=(const Date& d) const
{
	return *this < d || *this == d;
}

bool Date::operator>(const Date& d) const
{
	return !(*this <= d);
}

bool Date::operator>=(const Date& d) const
{
	return !(*this < d);
}

bool Date::operator!=(const Date& d) const
{
	return !(*this == d);
}

Date& Date::operator++()
{
	*this += 1;
	return *this;
}

Date Date::operator++(int)
{
	Date tmp(*this);
	*this += 1;
	return tmp;
}

Date& Date::operator--()
{
	*this -= 1;
	return *this;
}

Date Date::operator--(int)
{
	Date tmp = *this;
	*this -= 1;
	return tmp;
}

int Date::operator-(const Date& d) const
{
	Date max = *this;
	Date min = d;
	int flag = 1;
	if (*this < d)
	{
		max = d;
		min = *this;
		flag = -1;
	} 
	int n = 0;
	while (min != max)
	{
		++min;
		++n;
	} 
	return n* flag;
}

bool Date::CheckDate() const
{
	if (_month < 1 || _month > 12
		|| _day < 1 || _day > GetMonthDay(_year, _month))
	{
		return false;
	} 
	else
	{
	return true;
	}
}


ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const Date& d)
{
	out << d._year << "年" << d._month << "⽉" << d._day << "⽇" << endl;
	return out;
} 


istream& operator>>(istream& in, Date& d)
{
	cout << "请依次输⼊年⽉⽇:>";
	in >> d._year >> d._month >> d._day;
	if (!d.CheckDate())
	{
		cout << "⽇期⾮法" << endl;
	}
	return in;
}

 

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