众所周知,在java中有多种方式创建单例:饿汉式,懒汉式,双重检测懒汉式,静态内部类等,这些单列模式各有缺点:
- 有的类加载时就初始化,浪费内存
- 有的不保证多线程安全
- 有的因为加了synchronized同步锁导致并发效率较低
- 以上的单例模式都能通过
反射,反序列化,克隆
等方式被破坏
public class SingletonTestDoubleCheck implements Cloneable, Serializable {
public SingletonTestDoubleCheck() {
}
private static volatile SingletonTestDoubleCheck singletonTestDoubleCheck;
//双重检测 懒汉式单例
public static SingletonTestDoubleCheck getSingleton() {
if (singletonTestDoubleCheck == null) {
synchronized (SingletonTestDoubleCheck.class) {
if (singletonTestDoubleCheck == null) {
singletonTestDoubleCheck = new SingletonTestDoubleCheck();
}
}
}
return singletonTestDoubleCheck;
}
@Override
protected SingletonTestDoubleCheck clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException {
return (SingletonTestDoubleCheck)super.clone();
}
//破坏单例的方式
public static void main(String[] args) {
SingletonTestDoubleCheck singletonTestDoubleCheck = SingletonTestDoubleCheck.getSingleton();
try {
//1.通过反射的方式
Constructor<SingletonTestDoubleCheck> declaredConstructor = SingletonTestDoubleCheck.class.getDeclaredConstructor();
declaredConstructor.setAccessible(true);
SingletonTestDoubleCheck singleReflect = declaredConstructor.newInstance();
System.out.println("============反射===========");
System.out.println(singletonTestDoubleCheck == singleReflect);
//2.通过序列的方式(记得实现序列化Serializable接口)
ObjectOutputStream oos = new ObjectOutputStream(new FileOutputStream("SingletonSerializable"));
oos.writeObject(singletonTestDoubleCheck);
oos.flush();
oos.close();
ObjectInputStream ois = new ObjectInputStream(new FileInputStream("SingletonSerializable"));
SingletonTestDoubleCheck singletonSerializable = (SingletonTestDoubleCheck)ois.readObject();
ois.close();
System.out.println("============序列化===========");
System.out.println(singletonTestDoubleCheck == singletonSerializable);
//3.克隆(记得重写clone方法,重写clone方法需要实现Cloneable接口)
SingletonTestDoubleCheck singleClone = singletonTestDoubleCheck.clone();
System.out.println("============克隆===========");
System.out.println(singletonTestDoubleCheck == singleClone);
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
枚举能解决上面所述问题,同时也是我认为最简便的单例模式
public enum SingletonTestEnum {
INSTANCE;
SingletonTestEnum() {
System.out.println("NoArgsConstructor");
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
SingletonTestEnum instance = SingletonTestEnum.INSTANCE;
try {
//1.通过反射的方式
//枚举有无参构造器,但是默认是用private修饰,而且也只能是private
//所以无法通过反射获取它的无参构造器
Constructor<SingletonTestEnum> declaredConstructor = SingletonTestEnum.class.getDeclaredConstructor();
declaredConstructor.setAccessible(true);
SingletonTestEnum singletonTestEnum = declaredConstructor.newInstance();
System.out.println("============反射===========");
System.out.println(instance == singletonTestEnum);
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
try {
//2.通过序列化的方式
//枚举默认就实现了Serializable接口: public abstract class Enum<E extends Enum<E>>implements Comparable<E>, Serializable{...}
//序列化时,对应ObjectOutputStream的void writeObject(Object obj)方法,该方法的具体实现中,会根据obj的具体类型实施不同的序列化方式。当为Enum类型时,只会把Enum中定义的属性name输出到结果中。
//反序列化时,ObjectInputStream的Object readObject()方法发现需要反序列化的是Enum类型,就调用Enum的T valueOf(Class enumType,String name)方法,根据name拿到对应的枚举实例。
ObjectOutputStream oos = new ObjectOutputStream(new FileOutputStream("SingletonSerializable"));
oos.writeObject(instance);
oos.flush();
oos.close();
ObjectInputStream ois = new ObjectInputStream(new FileInputStream("SingletonSerializable"));
SingletonTestEnum singletonSerializable = (SingletonTestEnum)ois.readObject();
ois.close();
System.out.println("============序列化===========");
System.out.println(instance == singletonSerializable);
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
//3.克隆
//protected final Object clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException {
// throw new CloneNotSupportedException();
//}
//枚举类的克隆方法是final的,会直接抛出异常,所以也就不存在克隆破坏单例的情况
}
}
```.
枚举类中,INSTANCE其实是它的枚举项,不能使用new的方式来创建枚举类的对象,因为枚举中的实例本质就是它的枚举项,只能用枚举类名.枚举项的方式获取该实例.创建枚举项等用于调用本类的无参构造器,在运行上诉方法时,你会看到输出"NoArgsConstructor"