【原】JDK8线程池源码全面分析

public ThreadPoolExecutor(int corePoolSize,
                          int maximumPoolSize,
                          long keepAliveTime,
                          TimeUnit unit,
                          BlockingQueue<Runnable> workQueue,
                          ThreadFactory threadFactory,
                          RejectedExecutionHandler handler)

整理出来即是：

corePoolSize：线程池核心线程数最大值
maximumPoolSize：线程池最大线程数大小
keepAliveTime：线程池中非核心线程空闲的存活时间大小
unit：线程空闲存活时间单位
workQueue：存放任务的阻塞队列
threadFactory：用于设置创建线程的工厂，可以给创建的线程设置有意义的名字
handler：线城池的饱和策略事件，主要有四种类型

Core and maximum pool sizes与workQueue

由ThreadPoolExecutor创建的线程池会根据corePoolSize和maximumPoolSize自动调整线程池的大小，而workQueue用于转移或者持有向线程池提交的任务，该队列与线程池大小相互作用。

运行中的线程数量小于corePoolSize时，则执行器（Executor）总是创建新线程执行任务，而不是将任务放入workQueue。
运行中的线程数量达到corePoolSize，而workQueue未满时，则执行器（Executor）总是将任务放入workQueue。
新任务已经不能被加入workQueue中时，如果线程数量未达到maximumPoolSize，那么将创建新线程去执行该任务，否则将采取拒绝任务的策略。

Keep-alive times

如果线程池中的线程数量超过corePoolSize，那么多余的线程如果超出keepAliveTime处于空闲（idle）中，那么这些线程将被终结（terminated）。

threadFactory

用于为线程池创建新的线程。所有的线程池的线程均是由threadFactory通过addWorker方法创建。所有调用者均需要处理addWorker创建线程失败的场景，这反映了用户或者系统的拒绝策略。

handler

在workQueue饱和或者线程池shutdown状态下的拒绝策略。

线程池的workQueue

线程池共有5种工作队列：ArrayBlockingQueue、LinkedBlockingQueue、PriorityBlockingQueue、SynchronousQueue和DelayQueue。

队列的操作方法

	抛出异常	特殊值	阻塞	超时
插入	add(e)	offer(e)	put(e)	offer(e, time, unit)
移除	remove()	poll()	take()	poll(time, unit)
检查	element()	peek()	不可用	不可用

ArrayBlockingQueue

ArrayBlockingQueue属于先进先出（FIFO）排序，在线程池具有有限maximumPoolSizes场景下，可以帮助避免资源耗尽，但是却不便于调节和控制。适用于较大的workQueue，但是却拥有较小maximumPoolSizes场景。这样会导致系统吞吐量比较低。因为系统可调用的线程比线程池所最大线程数量的多。如果workQueue比较小，且需要较大的线程池，这使CPU更加繁忙，但是却增加了系统调度开销，也会降低吞吐量。

notEmpty和notFull条件

notEmpty条件用于在workQueue为空的时候，使线程进入wait状态，notFull条件用于workQueue满额的时候，使线程进入wait状态。这个两个条件用于实现take()和put(e)方法的阻塞功能。

take和put方法

public E take() throws InterruptedException {
    final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
    lock.lockInterruptibly();
    try {
        while (count == 0)
            notEmpty.await();
        return dequeue();
    } finally {
        lock.unlock();
    }
}
public void put(E e) throws InterruptedException {
    checkNotNull(e);
    final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
    lock.lockInterruptibly();
    try {
        while (count == items.length)
            notFull.await();
        enqueue(e);
    } finally {
        lock.unlock();
    }
}

当执行take方法时，如果count == 0成立，则利用notEmpty条件使当前线程进入wait状态，而不是真正的阻塞，此时不占用CPU。put方法与take方法逻辑类似。

dequeue和enqueue方法

private E dequeue() {
    // assert lock.getHoldCount() == 1;
    // assert items[takeIndex] != null;
    final Object[] items = this.items;
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    E x = (E) items[takeIndex];
    items[takeIndex] = null;
    if (++takeIndex == items.length)
        takeIndex = 0;
    count--;
    if (itrs != null)
        itrs.elementDequeued();
    notFull.signal();
    return x;
}
private void enqueue(E x) {
    // assert lock.getHoldCount() == 1;
    // assert items[putIndex] == null;
    final Object[] items = this.items;
    items[putIndex] = x;
    if (++putIndex == items.length)
        putIndex = 0;
    count++;
    notEmpty.signal();
}

当执行dequeue方法结束后，利用notEmpty条件唤醒一个由于获取workQueue满额时被休眠的线程。dequeue方法与enqueue方法逻辑类似。

offer和poll方法

public boolean offer(E e) {
    checkNotNull(e);
    final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
    lock.lock();
    try {
        if (count == items.length)
            return false;
        else {
            enqueue(e);
            return true;
        }
    } finally {
        lock.unlock();
    }
}
public E poll() {
    final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
    lock.lock();
    try {
        return (count == 0) ? null : dequeue();
    } finally {
        lock.unlock();
    }
}

ArrayBlockingQueue的offer和poll方法都是使用同一个锁，队列的出队和入队相互之间存在锁竞争，同样地，put和take方法，add和remove方法均有这种情况，它们均不具备并发读写的功能。

LinkedBlockingQueue

LinkedBlockingQueue属于先进先出（FIFO）排序，相比于ArrayBlockingQueue，它可以不指定的容量大小，其默认最大值为Integer. MAX_VALUE，并且利用双锁模型，实现插入和移除完全的并行。值得注意的是，队列头的值为null，队列尾的next节点为null。

/**
 * Head of linked list.
 * Invariant: head.item == null
 */
transient Node<E> head;

/**
 * Tail of linked list.
 * Invariant: last.next == null
 */
private transient Node<E> last;

take和put方法

public E take() throws InterruptedException {
    E x;
    int c = -1;
    final AtomicInteger count = this.count;
    final ReentrantLock takeLock = this.takeLock;
    takeLock.lockInterruptibly();
    try {
        while (count.get() == 0) {
            notEmpty.await();
        }
        x = dequeue();
        c = count.getAndDecrement();
        if (c > 1)
            notEmpty.signal();
    } finally {
        takeLock.unlock();
    }
    if (c == capacity)
        signalNotFull();
    return x;
}
public void put(E e) throws InterruptedException {
    if (e == null) throw new NullPointerException();
    
    int c = -1;
    Node<E> node = new Node<E>(e);
    final ReentrantLock putLock = this.putLock;
    final AtomicInteger count = this.count;
    putLock.lockInterruptibly();
    try {
        while (count.get() == capacity) {
            notFull.await();
        }
        enqueue(node);
        c = count.getAndIncrement();
        if (c + 1 < capacity)
            notFull.signal();
    } finally {
        putLock.unlock();
    }
    if (c == 0)
        signalNotEmpty();
}
private void signalNotFull() {
    final ReentrantLock putLock = this.putLock;
    putLock.lock();
    try {
        notFull.signal();
    } finally {
        putLock.unlock();
    }
}
private void signalNotEmpty() {
    final ReentrantLock takeLock = this.takeLock;
    takeLock.lock();
    try {
        notEmpty.signal();
    } finally {
        takeLock.unlock();
    }
}

LinkedBlockingQueue由链表实现，因此take和put实际上作用在不同的Node对象上，因此可以分别用takeLock和putLock分别作用于队列头和队列尾，并2个创建notEmpty和putLock条件实现线程的休眠和唤醒。由于队列头和队列尾用的不是同一个锁，因此也实现了入队和出队的并发。由于入队和出队的并发，因此记录queue大小的变量count需要使用原子类型实现。

dequeue和enqueue方法

private void enqueue(Node<E> node) {
    // assert putLock.isHeldByCurrentThread();
    // assert last.next == null;
    last = last.next = node;
}
private E dequeue() {
    // assert takeLock.isHeldByCurrentThread();
    // assert head.item == null;
    Node<E> h = head;
    Node<E> first = h.next;
    h.next = h; // help GC
    head = first;
    E x = first.item;
    first.item = null;
    return x;
}

offer和poll方法

public boolean offer(E e) {
    if (e == null) throw new NullPointerException();
    final AtomicInteger count = this.count;
    if (count.get() == capacity)
        return false;
    int c = -1;
    Node<E> node = new Node<E>(e);
    final ReentrantLock putLock = this.putLock;
    putLock.lock();
    try {
        if (count.get() < capacity) {
            enqueue(node);
            c = count.getAndIncrement();
            if (c + 1 < capacity)
                notFull.signal();
        }
    } finally {
        putLock.unlock();
    }
    if (c == 0)
        signalNotEmpty();
    return c >= 0;
}
public E poll() {
    final AtomicInteger count = this.count;
    if (count.get() == 0)
        return null;
    E x = null;
    int c = -1;
    final ReentrantLock takeLock = this.takeLock;
    takeLock.lock();
    try {
        if (count.get() > 0) {
            x = dequeue();
            c = count.getAndDecrement();
            if (c > 1)
                notEmpty.signal();
        }
    } finally {
        takeLock.unlock();
    }
    if (c == capacity)
        signalNotFull();
    return x;
}

PriorityBlockingQueue

PriorityBlockingQueue是一个无界的优先队列，内部由数组实现，虽然在不指定容量的情况默认为11，但是在插入队列时，有扩容机制tryGrow，最大容量为Integer.MAX_VALUE-8。

private void tryGrow(Object[] array, int oldCap) {
    lock.unlock(); // must release and then re-acquire main lock
    Object[] newArray = null;
    if (allocationSpinLock == 0 &&
        UNSAFE.compareAndSwapInt(this, allocationSpinLockOffset,
                                 0, 1)) {
        try {
            int newCap = oldCap + ((oldCap < 64) ?
                                   (oldCap + 2) : // grow faster if small
                                   (oldCap >> 1));
            if (newCap - MAX_ARRAY_SIZE > 0) {    // possible overflow
                int minCap = oldCap + 1;
                if (minCap < 0 || minCap > MAX_ARRAY_SIZE)
                    throw new OutOfMemoryError();
                newCap = MAX_ARRAY_SIZE;
            }
            if (newCap > oldCap && queue == array)
                newArray = new Object[newCap];
        } finally {
            allocationSpinLock = 0;
        }
    }
    if (newArray == null) // back off if another thread is allocating
        Thread.yield();
    lock.lock();
    if (newArray != null && queue == array) {
        queue = newArray;
        System.arraycopy(array, 0, newArray, 0, oldCap);
    }
}

优先队列插入的数据，需要满足2个条件之一：

插入数据类型实现了Comparable<T>
优先队列Comparator不为null

若队列存在Comparator则以Comparator为准。该队列内部只有1个锁，由于是无界队列，只存在notEmpty条件。

offer和poll方法

public boolean offer(E e) {
    if (e == null)
        throw new NullPointerException();
    final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
    lock.lock();
    int n, cap;
    Object[] array;
    while ((n = size) >= (cap = (array = queue).length))
        tryGrow(array, cap);
    try {
        Comparator<? super E> cmp = comparator;
        if (cmp == null)
            siftUpComparable(n, e, array);
        else
            siftUpUsingComparator(n, e, array, cmp);
        size = n + 1;
        notEmpty.signal();
    } finally {
        lock.unlock();
    }
    return true;
}
public boolean offer(E e, long timeout, TimeUnit unit) {
    return offer(e); // never need to block
}
public E poll() {
    final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
    lock.lock();
    try {
        return dequeue();
    } finally {
        lock.unlock();
    }
}
private E dequeue() {
    int n = size - 1;
    if (n < 0)
        return null;
    else {
        Object[] array = queue;
        E result = (E) array[0];
        E x = (E) array[n];
        array[n] = null;
        Comparator<? super E> cmp = comparator;
        if (cmp == null)
            siftDownComparable(0, x, array, n);
        else
            siftDownUsingComparator(0, x, array, n, cmp);
        size = n;
        return result;
    }
}

因为PriorityBlockingQueue为无界队列，因此offer没有超时设置一说。

take和put方法

public E take() throws InterruptedException {
    final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
    lock.lockInterruptibly();
    E result;
    try {
        while ( (result = dequeue()) == null)
            notEmpty.await();
    } finally {
        lock.unlock();
    }
    return result;
}
public void put(E e) {
    offer(e); // never need to block
}

PriorityBlockingQueue是无界队列，因此优先队列的put方法是没有阻塞操作的。

SynchronousQueue

SynchronousQueue的put和take操作需要2个不同的线程配对实现，即put操作需要等待另一个线程take操作，它没有任何内部容量，因此不能实现peek操作。整个队列不存在lock，但是大量运用cas操作实现乐观锁，以及通过使用自旋操作对线程的调度实现优化。

SynchronousQueue不存在内容容量，并不代表不存在内部存储介质，否则也无法记录哪些线程对它进行了什么操作，也就无从谈及公平策略或非公平策略了。公平策略和非公平策略分别由不同的内部存储介质数据结构实现。

公平策略：TransferQueue
非公平策略：TransferStack

public SynchronousQueue(boolean fair) {
    transferer = fair ? new TransferQueue<E>() : new TransferStack<E>();
}

take和put方法

public E take() throws InterruptedException {
    E e = transferer.transfer(null, false, 0);
    if (e != null)
        return e;
    Thread.interrupted();
    throw new InterruptedException();
}
public void put(E e) throws InterruptedException {
    if (e == null) throw new NullPointerException();
    if (transferer.transfer(e, false, 0) == null) {
        Thread.interrupted();
        throw new InterruptedException();
    }
}

take和put方法均是由transferer.transfer方法实现，他们的差异在于传入的值为null还是e。因此理解take和put方法的关键在于理解transferer.transfer方法。SynchronousQueue的策略不同，transferer实例的实现方法也不同，因此需要分开分析。参考12. SynchronousQueue - 简书。

非公平策略：TransferStack

当队列为空时，先put后take

当队列为空时，先take后put

公平策略：TransferQueue

当队列为空时，先put后take

当队列为空时，先take后put

DelayQueue

DelayQueue是一个无界的阻塞队列，内部由PriorityQueue存储元素，而PriorityQueue虽然核心是数组，但是具备自动扩容的功能，因此作用和PriorityBlockingQueue类似，只是缺少阻塞功能，因此在DelayQueue获取内部元素时，一般会使用PriorityQueue的peek方法判断队列是否为空，然后再做对应的处理。

DelayQueue的元素都必须实现Delayed接口，而Delayed还是Comparable的子接口，因此它的元素具备延迟和比较的功能。值得注意的是DelayQueue的元素需要自己维护过期时间，如下所示：

public class TestDelay implements Delayed
{
    /**
     * 过期时间
     */
    private final long expire;
    
    /**
     * 数据
     */
    private final String data;
    
    public TestDelay(long expire)
    {
        long now = System.currentTimeMillis();
        this.expire = expire + now;
        this.data = new Date(now).toString() + " thread: " + Thread.currentThread().getName();
    }
    
    public String getData()
    {
        return data;
    }
    
    @Override
    public long getDelay(TimeUnit unit)
    {
        return unit.convert(this.expire - System.currentTimeMillis(), TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
    }
    
    @Override
    public int compareTo(Delayed o)
    {
        return (int) (this.getDelay(TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS) - o.getDelay(TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS));
    }
}

take和put方法

public void put(E e) {
    offer(e);
}
public boolean offer(E e) {
    final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
    lock.lock();
    try {
        q.offer(e);
        if (q.peek() == e) {
            leader = null;
            available.signal();
        }
        return true;
    } finally {
        lock.unlock();
    }
}
public E take() throws InterruptedException {
    final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
    lock.lockInterruptibly();
    try {
        for (;;) {
            E first = q.peek();
            if (first == null)
                available.await();
            else {
                long delay = first.getDelay(NANOSECONDS);
                if (delay <= 0)
                    return q.poll();
                first = null; // don't retain ref while waiting
                if (leader != null)
                    available.await();
                else {
                    Thread thisThread = Thread.currentThread();
                    leader = thisThread;
                    try {
                        available.awaitNanos(delay);
                    } finally {
                        if (leader == thisThread)
                            leader = null;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    } finally {
        if (leader == null && q.peek() != null)
            available.signal();
        lock.unlock();
    }
}

线程池的拒绝策略

线程池的拒绝策略分为4种

AbortPolicy：抛出一个异常，默认的。
DiscardPolicy：直接丢弃任务，不做任何处理。
DiscardOldestPolicy：丢弃队列里最老的任务，将当前这个任务继续提交给线程池。
CallerRunsPolicy：交给线程池调用所在的线程进行处理。

/**
 * A handler for rejected tasks that throws a
 * {@code RejectedExecutionException}.
 */
public static class AbortPolicy implements RejectedExecutionHandler {
    /**
     * Creates an {@code AbortPolicy}.
     */
    public AbortPolicy() { }

    /**
     * Always throws RejectedExecutionException.
     *
     * @param r the runnable task requested to be executed
     * @param e the executor attempting to execute this task
     * @throws RejectedExecutionException always
     */
    public void rejectedExecution(Runnable r, ThreadPoolExecutor e) {
        throw new RejectedExecutionException("Task " + r.toString() +
                                             " rejected from " +
                                             e.toString());
    }
}
/**
 * A handler for rejected tasks that silently discards the
 * rejected task.
 */
public static class DiscardPolicy implements RejectedExecutionHandler {
    /**
     * Creates a {@code DiscardPolicy}.
     */
    public DiscardPolicy() { }

    /**
     * Does nothing, which has the effect of discarding task r.
     *
     * @param r the runnable task requested to be executed
     * @param e the executor attempting to execute this task
     */
    public void rejectedExecution(Runnable r, ThreadPoolExecutor e) {
    }
}
/**
 * A handler for rejected tasks that discards the oldest unhandled
 * request and then retries {@code execute}, unless the executor
 * is shut down, in which case the task is discarded.
 */
public static class DiscardOldestPolicy implements RejectedExecutionHandler {
    /**
     * Creates a {@code DiscardOldestPolicy} for the given executor.
     */
    public DiscardOldestPolicy() { }

    /**
     * Obtains and ignores the next task that the executor
     * would otherwise execute, if one is immediately available,
     * and then retries execution of task r, unless the executor
     * is shut down, in which case task r is instead discarded.
     *
     * @param r the runnable task requested to be executed
     * @param e the executor attempting to execute this task
     */
    public void rejectedExecution(Runnable r, ThreadPoolExecutor e) {
        if (!e.isShutdown()) {
            e.getQueue().poll();
            e.execute(r);
        }
    }
}
/**
 * A handler for rejected tasks that runs the rejected task
 * directly in the calling thread of the {@code execute} method,
 * unless the executor has been shut down, in which case the task
 * is discarded.
 */
public static class CallerRunsPolicy implements RejectedExecutionHandler {
    /**
     * Creates a {@code CallerRunsPolicy}.
     */
    public CallerRunsPolicy() { }

    /**
     * Executes task r in the caller's thread, unless the executor
     * has been shut down, in which case the task is discarded.
     *
     * @param r the runnable task requested to be executed
     * @param e the executor attempting to execute this task
     */
    public void rejectedExecution(Runnable r, ThreadPoolExecutor e) {
        if (!e.isShutdown()) {
            r.run();
        }
    }
}

线程池中线程的创建与回收

提交任务

线程池的任务提交方式有2种，一种是execute方法，另一种是submit方法。execute和submit都属于线程池的方法，execute只能提交Runnable类型的任务，而submit既能提交Runnable类型任务也能提交Callable类型任务。

execute会直接抛出任务执行时的异常，submit会吃掉异常，可通过Future的get方法将任务执行时的异常重新抛出。
execute所属顶层接口是Executor,submit所属顶层接口是ExecutorService，实现类ThreadPoolExecutor重写了execute方法,抽象类AbstractExecutorService重写了submit方法。

通过addWorker方法创建worker，worker包含了执行任务的thread和task。

public <T> Future<T> submit(Runnable task, T result) {
    if (task == null) throw new NullPointerException();
    RunnableFuture<T> ftask = newTaskFor(task, result);
    execute(ftask);
    return ftask;
}
/**
 * Executes the given task sometime in the future.  The task
 * may execute in a new thread or in an existing pooled thread.
 *
 * If the task cannot be submitted for execution, either because this
 * executor has been shutdown or because its capacity has been reached,
 * the task is handled by the current {@code RejectedExecutionHandler}.
 *
 * @param command the task to execute
 * @throws RejectedExecutionException at discretion of
 *         {@code RejectedExecutionHandler}, if the task
 *         cannot be accepted for execution
 * @throws NullPointerException if {@code command} is null
 */
public void execute(Runnable command) {
    if (command == null)
        throw new NullPointerException();
    /*
     * Proceed in 3 steps:
     *
     * 1. If fewer than corePoolSize threads are running, try to
     * start a new thread with the given command as its first
     * task.  The call to addWorker atomically checks runState and
     * workerCount, and so prevents false alarms that would add
     * threads when it shouldn't, by returning false.
     *
     * 2. If a task can be successfully queued, then we still need
     * to double-check whether we should have added a thread
     * (because existing ones died since last checking) or that
     * the pool shut down since entry into this method. So we
     * recheck state and if necessary roll back the enqueuing if
     * stopped, or start a new thread if there are none.
     *
     * 3. If we cannot queue task, then we try to add a new
     * thread.  If it fails, we know we are shut down or saturated
     * and so reject the task.
     */
    int c = ctl.get();
    if (workerCountOf(c) < corePoolSize) {
        if (addWorker(command, true))
            return;
        c = ctl.get();
    }
    if (isRunning(c) && workQueue.offer(command)) {
        int recheck = ctl.get();
        if (! isRunning(recheck) && remove(command))
            reject(command);
        else if (workerCountOf(recheck) == 0)
            addWorker(null, false);
    }
    else if (!addWorker(command, false))
        reject(command);
}

执行任务

线程池的线程由threadFactory创建，通过addWorker绑定线程和firstTask到一个worker当中，实际执行任务的是worker的run方法。

我们可以看到runWorker方法中有一个while循环，循环的条件是task为null或者getTask方法获取到的task为null。getTask方法其核心就是从workQueue中获取任务。

/** Delegates main run loop to outer runWorker  */
public void run() {
    runWorker(this);
}
/**
 * Main worker run loop.  Repeatedly gets tasks from queue and
 * executes them, while coping with a number of issues:
 *
 * 1. We may start out with an initial task, in which case we
 * don't need to get the first one. Otherwise, as long as pool is
 * running, we get tasks from getTask. If it returns null then the
 * worker exits due to changed pool state or configuration
 * parameters.  Other exits result from exception throws in
 * external code, in which case completedAbruptly holds, which
 * usually leads processWorkerExit to replace this thread.
 *
 * 2. Before running any task, the lock is acquired to prevent
 * other pool interrupts while the task is executing, and then we
 * ensure that unless pool is stopping, this thread does not have
 * its interrupt set.
 *
 * 3. Each task run is preceded by a call to beforeExecute, which
 * might throw an exception, in which case we cause thread to die
 * (breaking loop with completedAbruptly true) without processing
 * the task.
 *
 * 4. Assuming beforeExecute completes normally, we run the task,
 * gathering any of its thrown exceptions to send to afterExecute.
 * We separately handle RuntimeException, Error (both of which the
 * specs guarantee that we trap) and arbitrary Throwables.
 * Because we cannot rethrow Throwables within Runnable.run, we
 * wrap them within Errors on the way out (to the thread's
 * UncaughtExceptionHandler).  Any thrown exception also
 * conservatively causes thread to die.
 *
 * 5. After task.run completes, we call afterExecute, which may
 * also throw an exception, which will also cause thread to
 * die. According to JLS Sec 14.20, this exception is the one that
 * will be in effect even if task.run throws.
 *
 * The net effect of the exception mechanics is that afterExecute
 * and the thread's UncaughtExceptionHandler have as accurate
 * information as we can provide about any problems encountered by
 * user code.
 *
 * @param w the worker
 */
final void runWorker(Worker w) {
    Thread wt = Thread.currentThread();
    Runnable task = w.firstTask;
    w.firstTask = null;
    w.unlock(); // allow interrupts
    boolean completedAbruptly = true;
    try {
        while (task != null || (task = getTask()) != null) {
            w.lock();
            // If pool is stopping, ensure thread is interrupted;
            // if not, ensure thread is not interrupted.  This
            // requires a recheck in second case to deal with
            // shutdownNow race while clearing interrupt
            if ((runStateAtLeast(ctl.get(), STOP) ||
                 (Thread.interrupted() &&
                  runStateAtLeast(ctl.get(), STOP))) &&
                !wt.isInterrupted())
                wt.interrupt();
            try {
                beforeExecute(wt, task);
                Throwable thrown = null;
                try {
                    task.run();
                } catch (RuntimeException x) {
                    thrown = x; throw x;
                } catch (Error x) {
                    thrown = x; throw x;
                } catch (Throwable x) {
                    thrown = x; throw new Error(x);
                } finally {
                    afterExecute(task, thrown);
                }
            } finally {
                task = null;
                w.completedTasks++;
                w.unlock();
            }
        }
        completedAbruptly = false;
    } finally {
        processWorkerExit(w, completedAbruptly);
    }
}
/**
 * Performs blocking or timed wait for a task, depending on
 * current configuration settings, or returns null if this worker
 * must exit because of any of:
 * 1. There are more than maximumPoolSize workers (due to
 *    a call to setMaximumPoolSize).
 * 2. The pool is stopped.
 * 3. The pool is shutdown and the queue is empty.
 * 4. This worker timed out waiting for a task, and timed-out
 *    workers are subject to termination (that is,
 *    {@code allowCoreThreadTimeOut || workerCount > corePoolSize})
 *    both before and after the timed wait, and if the queue is
 *    non-empty, this worker is not the last thread in the pool.
 *
 * @return task, or null if the worker must exit, in which case
 *         workerCount is decremented
 */
private Runnable getTask() {
    boolean timedOut = false; // Did the last poll() time out?

    for (;;) {
        int c = ctl.get();
        int rs = runStateOf(c);

        // Check if queue empty only if necessary.
        if (rs >= SHUTDOWN && (rs >= STOP || workQueue.isEmpty())) {
            decrementWorkerCount();
            return null;
        }

        int wc = workerCountOf(c);

        // Are workers subject to culling?
        boolean timed = allowCoreThreadTimeOut || wc > corePoolSize;

        if ((wc > maximumPoolSize || (timed && timedOut))
            && (wc > 1 || workQueue.isEmpty())) {
            if (compareAndDecrementWorkerCount(c))
                return null;
            continue;
        }

        try {
            Runnable r = timed ?
                workQueue.poll(keepAliveTime, TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS) :
                workQueue.take();
            if (r != null)
                return r;
            timedOut = true;
        } catch (InterruptedException retry) {
            timedOut = false;
        }
    }
}

线程的回收

线程回收的奥秘藏在while循环条件的getTask方法当中，当执行的worker为核心线程时，通过workQueue.take()获取任务，从之前对workQueue的分析知道take方法为阻塞方法，如果workQueue为空，则该线程进入休眠状态，当workQueue有新的任务时，该线程又会被唤醒，以此实现了核心线程的重复利用。如果是非核心线程，则workQueue.poll()方法获取任务，并且设置了超时时间，如果一定时间内无法获取新的任务，那么该线程就被系统回收。

线程池的状态

RUNNING

状态说明：线程池处在RUNNING状态时，能够接收新任务，以及对已添加的任务进行处理。
状态切换：线程池的初始化状态是RUNNING。换句话说，线程池被一旦被创建，就处于RUNNING状态，并且线程池中的任务数为0。

SHUTDOWN

状态说明：线程池处在SHUTDOWN状态时，不接收新任务，但能处理已添加的任务。
状态切换：调用线程池的shutdown()接口时，线程池由RUNNING -> SHUTDOWN。

STOP

状态说明：线程池处在STOP状态时，不接收新任务，不处理已添加的任务，并且会中断正在处理的任务。
状态切换：调用线程池的shutdownNow()接口时，线程池由(RUNNING or SHUTDOWN ) -> STOP。

TIDYING

状态说明：当所有的任务已终止，ctl记录的”任务数量”为0，线程池会变为TIDYING状态。当线程池变为TIDYING状态时，会执行钩子函数terminated()。terminated()在ThreadPoolExecutor类中是空的，若用户想在线程池变为TIDYING时，进行相应的处理；可以通过重载terminated()函数来实现。
状态切换：当线程池在SHUTDOWN状态下，阻塞队列为空并且线程池中执行的任务也为空时，就会由 SHUTDOWN -> TIDYING。当线程池在STOP状态下，线程池中执行的任务为空时，就会由STOP -> TIDYING。

TERMINATED

状态说明：线程池彻底终止，就变成TERMINATED状态。
状态切换：线程池处在TIDYING状态时，执行完terminated()之后，就会由 TIDYING -> TERMINATED。

常用线程池

固定数目线程的线程池（FixedThreadPool）

/**
 * Creates a thread pool that reuses a fixed number of threads
 * operating off a shared unbounded queue.  At any point, at most
 * {@code nThreads} threads will be active processing tasks.
 * If additional tasks are submitted when all threads are active,
 * they will wait in the queue until a thread is available.
 * If any thread terminates due to a failure during execution
 * prior to shutdown, a new one will take its place if needed to
 * execute subsequent tasks.  The threads in the pool will exist
 * until it is explicitly {@link ExecutorService#shutdown shutdown}.
 *
 * @param nThreads the number of threads in the pool
 * @return the newly created thread pool
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code nThreads <= 0}
 */
public static ExecutorService newFixedThreadPool(int nThreads) {
    return new ThreadPoolExecutor(nThreads, nThreads,
                                  0L, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS,
                                  new LinkedBlockingQueue<Runnable>());
}

特点

核心线程数和最大线程数大小一样
没有所谓的非空闲时间，即keepAliveTime为0
阻塞队列为无界队列LinkedBlockingQueue，队列最大值为Integer.MAX_VALUE

使用场景

FixedThreadPool适用于处理CPU密集型的任务，确保CPU在长期被工作线程使用的情况下，尽可能的少的分配线程，即适用执行长期的任务。

可缓存线程的线程池（CachedThreadPool）

/**
 * Creates a thread pool that creates new threads as needed, but
 * will reuse previously constructed threads when they are
 * available.  These pools will typically improve the performance
 * of programs that execute many short-lived asynchronous tasks.
 * Calls to {@code execute} will reuse previously constructed
 * threads if available. If no existing thread is available, a new
 * thread will be created and added to the pool. Threads that have
 * not been used for sixty seconds are terminated and removed from
 * the cache. Thus, a pool that remains idle for long enough will
 * not consume any resources. Note that pools with similar
 * properties but different details (for example, timeout parameters)
 * may be created using {@link ThreadPoolExecutor} constructors.
 *
 * @return the newly created thread pool
 */
public static ExecutorService newCachedThreadPool() {
    return new ThreadPoolExecutor(0, Integer.MAX_VALUE,
                                  60L, TimeUnit.SECONDS,
                                  new SynchronousQueue<Runnable>());
}

特点

核心线程数为0
最大线程数为Integer.MAX_VALUE
阻塞队列是SynchronousQueue
非核心线程空闲存活时间为60秒

使用场景

用于并发执行大量短期的小任务。当提交任务的速度大于处理任务的速度时，每次提交一个任务，就必然会创建一个线程。极端情况下会创建过多的线程，耗尽 CPU 和内存资源。由于空闲 60 秒的线程会被终止，长时间保持空闲的 CachedThreadPool 不会占用任何资源。

单线程的线程池（SingleThreadExecutor）

/**
 * Creates an Executor that uses a single worker thread operating
 * off an unbounded queue. (Note however that if this single
 * thread terminates due to a failure during execution prior to
 * shutdown, a new one will take its place if needed to execute
 * subsequent tasks.)  Tasks are guaranteed to execute
 * sequentially, and no more than one task will be active at any
 * given time. Unlike the otherwise equivalent
 * {@code newFixedThreadPool(1)} the returned executor is
 * guaranteed not to be reconfigurable to use additional threads.
 *
 * @return the newly created single-threaded Executor
 */
public static ExecutorService newSingleThreadExecutor() {
    return new FinalizableDelegatedExecutorService
        (new ThreadPoolExecutor(1, 1,
                                0L, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS,
                                new LinkedBlockingQueue<Runnable>()));
}

特点

核心线程数为1
最大线程数也为1
阻塞队列是LinkedBlockingQueue
keepAliveTime为0

使用场景

适用于串行执行任务的场景，一个任务一个任务地执行。

定时及周期执行的线程池（ScheduledThreadPool）

/**
 * Creates a thread pool that can schedule commands to run after a
 * given delay, or to execute periodically.
 * @param corePoolSize the number of threads to keep in the pool,
 * even if they are idle
 * @return a newly created scheduled thread pool
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code corePoolSize < 0}
 */
public static ScheduledExecutorService newScheduledThreadPool(int corePoolSize) {
    return new ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor(corePoolSize);
}
/**
 * Creates a new {@code ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor} with the
 * given core pool size.
 *
 * @param corePoolSize the number of threads to keep in the pool, even
 *        if they are idle, unless {@code allowCoreThreadTimeOut} is set
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code corePoolSize < 0}
 */
public ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor(int corePoolSize) {
    super(corePoolSize, Integer.MAX_VALUE, 0, NANOSECONDS,
          new DelayedWorkQueue());
}