设计模式基础篇-04-建造者模式

1. 模拟需求背景

假设现在咱们要构造一个电脑的实体类，他的属性呢，有2个必选，3个可选
如下:

/**
 * 电脑实体类
 *
 * @author wql
 * @date 2021/10/11 11:50
 */
public class Computer {
    private String cpu;  //必须
    private String ram;  //必须
    private Integer usbCount; //可选
    private String keyboard; //可选
    private String display; //可选    
}

2. 未使用建造者模式之前

咱们是这样干的：

2.1. 方案1： 折叠构造器

/**
 * 电脑实体类
 *
 * @author wql
 * @date 2021/10/11 11:50
 */
public class Computer {
    private String cpu;  //必须
    private String ram;  //必须
    private Integer usbCount; //可选
    private String keyboard; //可选
    private String display; //可选


    public Computer(String cpu, String ram) {
        this.cpu = cpu;
        this.ram = ram;
    }

    public Computer(String cpu, String ram, Integer usbCount) {
        this.cpu = cpu;
        this.ram = ram;
        this.usbCount = usbCount;
    }

    public Computer(String cpu, String ram, Integer usbCount, String keyboard) {
        this.cpu = cpu;
        this.ram = ram;
        this.usbCount = usbCount;
        this.keyboard = keyboard;
    }

    public Computer(String cpu, String ram, Integer usbCount, String keyboard, String display) {
        this.cpu = cpu;
        this.ram = ram;
        this.usbCount = usbCount;
        this.keyboard = keyboard;
        this.display = display;
    }
}

按需使用响应的构造器构建需要的类，
但使用及阅读不方便。你可以想象一下，当你要调用一个类的构造函数时，你首先要决定使用哪一个，然后里面又是一堆参数，如果这些参数的类型很多又都一样，你还要搞清楚这些参数的含义，很容易就传混了。。。

2.2. 方案2： get set方法赋值

/**
 * 电脑实体类
 *
 * @author wql
 * @date 2021/10/11 11:50
 */
public class Computer {
    private String cpu;  //必须
    private String ram;  //必须
    private Integer usbCount; //可选
    private String keyboard; //可选
    private String display; //可选


    public String getCpu() {
        return cpu;
    }

    public void setCpu(String cpu) {
        this.cpu = cpu;
    }

    public String getRam() {
        return ram;
    }

    public void setRam(String ram) {
        this.ram = ram;
    }

    public Integer getUsbCount() {
        return usbCount;
    }

    public void setUsbCount(Integer usbCount) {
        this.usbCount = usbCount;
    }

    public String getKeyboard() {
        return keyboard;
    }

    public void setKeyboard(String keyboard) {
        this.keyboard = keyboard;
    }

    public String getDisplay() {
        return display;
    }

    public void setDisplay(String display) {
        this.display = display;
    }
}

这种方式呢，在构建过程中对象的状态容易发生变化，造成错误。因为那个类中的属性是分步设置的，所以就容易出错。

3. 使用建造者模式之后

咱们是这样干的：

public class Computer {
    private final String cpu;//必须
    private final String ram;//必须
    private final int usbCount;//可选
    private final String keyboard;//可选
    private final String display;//可选

    private Computer(Builder builder){
        this.cpu=builder.cpu;
        this.ram=builder.ram;
        this.usbCount=builder.usbCount;
        this.keyboard=builder.keyboard;
        this.display=builder.display;
    }
    public static class Builder{
        private String cpu;//必须
        private String ram;//必须
        private int usbCount;//可选
        private String keyboard;//可选
        private String display;//可选

        public Builder(String cup,String ram){
            this.cpu=cup;
            this.ram=ram;
        }

        public Builder setUsbCount(int usbCount) {
            this.usbCount = usbCount;
            return this;
        }
        public Builder setKeyboard(String keyboard) {
            this.keyboard = keyboard;
            return this;
        }
        public Builder setDisplay(String display) {
            this.display = display;
            return this;
        }        
        public Computer build(){
            return new Computer(this);
        }
    }
  //省略getter方法
}

如何使用：

Computer computer=new Computer.Builder("因特尔","三星")
                .setDisplay("三星24寸")
                .setKeyboard("罗技")
                .setUsbCount(2)
                .build();

3.1 引入spring的上下文

在上面，我们是使用构建者模式的时候可以使用spring的上下文，而不需要我们自己去new

package com.greatmicro.foundation.common.core.context;

import org.apache.commons.lang3.Validate;
import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContextAware;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;

/**
 * Spring上下文持有器
 */
@Component
public class SpringContextHolder implements ApplicationContextAware {

	public SpringContextHolder() {
	}

	private static ApplicationContext applicationContext = null;
	@Override
	public void setApplicationContext(ApplicationContext applicationContext) {
		SpringContextHolder.applicationContext = applicationContext;
	}

	public static ApplicationContext getApplicationContext() {
		assertContextInjected();
		return applicationContext;
	}

	public static Object getBean(String beanName) {
		assertContextInjected();
		return applicationContext.getBean(beanName);
	}

	public static <T> T getBean(Class<T> requiredType) {
		assertContextInjected();
		return applicationContext.getBean(requiredType);
	}

	public static <T> T getBean(String beanName, Class<T> requiredType) {
		assertContextInjected();
		return applicationContext.getBean(beanName, requiredType);
	}

	public static String getProperty(String key) {
		return applicationContext.getEnvironment().getProperty(key);
	}

	private static void assertContextInjected() {
		Validate.validState(applicationContext != null, "ApplicationContext属性未注入, 请在Application中定义SpringContextHolder.", new Object[0]);
	}

	public static void clearHolder() {
		applicationContext = null;
	}

}

从而上面的如何使用就可以改成如下:

SpringContextHolder.getBean(ReceiveBuilder.class).
                .setCpu("")
                .setRam("")
                .setDisplay("三星24寸")
                .setKeyboard("罗技")
                .setUsbCount(2)
                .build();

3.2 总结：

当一个类的构造函数参数个数超过4个，而且这些参数有些是可选的参数，考虑使用构造者模式。
注: 学习建造者最好的办法，就是看下lombok的Builder注解是怎么工作的就行了