报警数据关联分析一（生成词向量并可视化）

环境

基于pycharm，anaconda，TensorFlow2.0

数据源

对蜡油加氢报警.xlsx表格进行预处理：

1. 筛选：只使用“源”、“条件名”这两列；
2. 合并：将这两列内容合并；
3. 格式：将xlsx文件转化为txt格式，命名为yuchuli；

代码

进行skip-gram建模，经过200000次迭代，输出每个词的词向量，储存在vector4中（这是第四次测试），（与第一次测试生成的vector2相比，生产词向量不同，考虑这样是否会影响最后的结果？）
代码片如下

#!usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from __future__ import absolute_import
from __future__ import division
from __future__ import print_function

import collections
import math
import random
import jieba
import numpy as np
from six.moves import xrange
import tensorflow.compat.v1 as tf


# Step 1: Download the data.
# Read the data into a list of strings.
def read_data():
    """
    对要训练的文本进行处理，最后把文本的内容的所有词放在一个列表中
    """
    # 读取停用词
    stop_words = []
    with open("stop_words.txt", encoding='gb18030', errors='ignore') as f:
        line = f.readline()
        while line:
            stop_words.append(line[:-1])
            line = f.readline()
    stop_words = set(stop_words)
    print('停用词读取完毕，共{n}个词'.format(n=len(stop_words)))





    # 读取文本，预处理，分词，得到
    raw_word_list = []
    with open('yuchuli2.txt', "r", encoding='gb18030') as f:
        line = f.readline()
        while line:
            while '\n' in line:
                line = line.replace('\n', '')
            while ' ' in line:
                line = line.replace(' ', '')
            if len(line) > 0:  # 如果句子非空
                raw_words = list(jieba.cut(line, cut_all=False))
                raw_word_list.extend(raw_words)
            line = f.readline()
    return raw_word_list



# step 1:读取文件中的内容组成一个列表
words = read_data()
print('Data size', len(words))

# Step 2: Build the dictionary and replace rare words with UNK token.创建字典代替稀有词
vocabulary_size = 50000


def build_dataset(words):
    count = [['UNK', -1]]
    count.extend(collections.Counter(words).most_common(vocabulary_size - 1))
    print("count", len(count))
    dictionary = dict()
    for word, _ in count:
        dictionary[word] = len(dictionary)
    data = list()
    unk_count = 0
    for word in words:
        if word in dictionary:
            index = dictionary[word]
        else:
            index = 0
            unk_count += 1
        data.append(index)
    count[0][1] = unk_count
    reverse_dictionary = dict(zip(dictionary.values(), dictionary.keys()))
    return data, count, dictionary, reverse_dictionary


data, count, dictionary, reverse_dictionary = build_dataset(words)
# 删除words节省内存
#del words
print('Most common words (+UNK)', count[:5])
print('Sample data', data[:10], [reverse_dictionary[i] for i in data[:10]])

data_index = 0


# Step 3: Function to generate a training batch for the skip-gram model.
def generate_batch(batch_size, num_skips, skip_window):
    global data_index
    assert batch_size % num_skips == 0
    assert num_skips <= 2 * skip_window
    batch = np.ndarray(shape=(batch_size), dtype=np.int32)
    labels = np.ndarray(shape=(batch_size, 1), dtype=np.int32)
    span = 2 * skip_window + 1  # [ skip_window target skip_window ]
    buffer = collections.deque(maxlen=span)
    for _ in range(span):
        buffer.append(data[data_index])
        data_index = (data_index + 1) % len(data)
    for i in range(batch_size // num_skips):
        target = skip_window  # target label at the center of the buffer
        targets_to_avoid = [skip_window]
        for j in range(num_skips):
            while target in targets_to_avoid:
                target = random.randint(0, span - 1)
            targets_to_avoid.append(target)
            batch[i * num_skips + j] = buffer[skip_window]
            labels[i * num_skips + j, 0] = buffer[target]
        buffer.append(data[data_index])
        data_index = (data_index + 1) % len(data)
    return batch, labels


batch, labels = generate_batch(batch_size=8, num_skips=2, skip_window=1)
for i in range(8):
    print(batch[i], reverse_dictionary[batch[i]], '->', labels[i, 0], reverse_dictionary[labels[i, 0]])

# Step 4: Build and train a skip-gram model.
batch_size = 128
embedding_size = 128
skip_window = 1
num_skips = 2
valid_size = 1  # 切记这个数字要和len(valid_word)对应，要不然会报错哦
valid_window = 100
num_sampled = 64  # Number of negative examples to sample.




# 验证集
valid_word = ['120TI2038HI']
valid_examples = [dictionary[li] for li in valid_word]




graph = tf.Graph()
with graph.as_default():
    # Input data.
    train_inputs = tf.placeholder(tf.int32, shape=[batch_size])
    train_labels = tf.placeholder(tf.int32, shape=[batch_size, 1])
    valid_dataset = tf.constant(valid_examples, dtype=tf.int32)

    # Ops and variables pinned to the CPU because of missing GPU implementation
    with tf.device('/cpu:0'):
        # Look up embeddings for inputs.
        embeddings = tf.Variable(
            tf.random_uniform([vocabulary_size, embedding_size], -1.0, 1.0))
        embed = tf.nn.embedding_lookup(embeddings, train_inputs)

        # Construct the variables for the NCE loss
        nce_weights = tf.Variable(
            tf.truncated_normal([vocabulary_size, embedding_size],
                                stddev=1.0 / math.sqrt(embedding_size)))
        nce_biases = tf.Variable(tf.zeros([vocabulary_size]), dtype=tf.float32)

    # Compute the average NCE loss for the batch.
    # tf.nce_loss automatically draws a new sample of the negative labels each
    # time we evaluate the loss.
    loss = tf.reduce_mean(tf.nn.nce_loss(weights=nce_weights,
                                         biases=nce_biases,
                                         inputs=embed,
                                         labels=train_labels,
                                         num_sampled=num_sampled,
                                         num_classes=vocabulary_size))

    # Construct the SGD optimizer using a learning rate of 1.0.
    optimizer = tf.train.GradientDescentOptimizer(1.0).minimize(loss)

    # Compute the cosine similarity between minibatch examples and all embeddings.
    norm = tf.sqrt(tf.reduce_sum(tf.square(embeddings), 1, keep_dims=True))
    normalized_embeddings = embeddings / norm
    #valid_embeddings = tf.nn.embedding_lookup(normalized_embeddings)
    valid_embeddings = tf.nn.embedding_lookup(normalized_embeddings, valid_dataset)
    similarity = tf.matmul(valid_embeddings, normalized_embeddings, transpose_b=True)
    #similarity = tf.matmul(normalized_embeddings, transpose_b=True)

    # Add variable initializer.
    init = tf.global_variables_initializer()

# Step 5: Begin training.
num_steps = 200000

with tf.Session(graph=graph) as session:
    # We must initialize all variables before we use them.
    init.run()
    print("Initialized")

    average_loss = 0
    for step in xrange(num_steps):
        batch_inputs, batch_labels = generate_batch(batch_size, num_skips, skip_window)
        feed_dict = {train_inputs: batch_inputs, train_labels: batch_labels}

        # We perform one update step by evaluating the optimizer op (including it
        # in the list of returned values for session.run()
        _, loss_val = session.run([optimizer, loss], feed_dict=feed_dict)
        average_loss += loss_val

        if step % 2000 == 0:
            if step > 0:
                average_loss /= 2000
            # The average loss is an estimate of the loss over the last 2000 batches.
            print("Average loss at step ", step, ": ", average_loss)
            average_loss = 0

        # Note that this is expensive (~20% slowdown if computed every 500 steps)
        if step % 10000 == 0:
            sim = similarity.eval()
            for i in xrange(valid_size):
                valid_word = reverse_dictionary[valid_examples[i]]
                top_k = 8  # number of nearest neighbors
                nearest = (-sim[i, :]).argsort()[:top_k]
                log_str = "Nearest to %s:" % valid_word
                # for k in xrange(top_k):
                #     close_word = reverse_dictionary[nearest[k]]
                #     log_str = "%s %s," % (log_str, close_word)
                print(log_str)
    final_embeddings = normalized_embeddings.eval()

    # 训练得到最后的词向量矩阵
    print(final_embeddings)
    fp = open('vector4.txt', 'w', encoding='utf8')
    for k, v in reverse_dictionary.items():
        t = tuple(final_embeddings[k])
        s = ''
        for i in t:
            i = str(i)
            s += i + " "
        fp.write(v + " " + s + "\n")
        # s为'0.031514477 0.059997283 ...'  , 对于每一个词的词向量中的300个数字，用空格把他们连接成字符串。
        # 把词向量写入文本文档中。不过这样就成了字符串，我之前试过用np保存为ndarray格式，这里是按源码的保存方式。

    fp.close()


# Step 6: Visualize the embeddings.
def plot_with_labels(low_dim_embs, labels, filename='images/tsne4.png', fonts=None):
    assert low_dim_embs.shape[0] >= len(labels), "More labels than embeddings"
    plt.figure(figsize=(18, 18))  # in inches
    for i, label in enumerate(labels):
        x, y = low_dim_embs[i, :]
        plt.scatter(x, y)  # 显示散点图
        plt.annotate(label,
                     fontproperties=fonts,
                     xy=(x, y),  # 添加注释, xytest是注释的位置。然后添加显示的字体。
                     xytext=(5, 2),
                     textcoords='offset points',
                     ha='right',
                     va='bottom')

    plt.savefig(filename, dpi=800)
    plt.show()


try:
    from sklearn.manifold import TSNE
    import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
    from matplotlib.font_manager import FontProperties

    # 这个库很重要，因为需要加载字体，原开源代码里是没有的。

    # 为了在图片上能显示出中文
    font = FontProperties(fname=r"c:\windows\fonts\simsun.ttc", size=14)

    tsne = TSNE(perplexity=30, n_components=2, init='pca', n_iter=5000)
    plot_only = 50
    low_dim_embs = tsne.fit_transform(final_embeddings[:plot_only, :])
    labels = []
    labels = [reverse_dictionary[i] for i in xrange(plot_only)]
    # tsne: 一个降维的方法，降维后维度是2维，使用'pca'来初始化。
    # 取出了前500个词的词向量，把300维减低到2维。
    plot_with_labels(low_dim_embs, labels,fonts=font)

except ImportError:
    print("Please install sklearn, matplotlib, and scipy to visualize embeddings.")

运行结果

1. 词向量储存在vector4中；

2. 可视化结果（结果不是很好，思考原因中=￣へ￣=）
   没有发现太接近的报警

问题

• 是否需要解决可视化不好的问题，毕竟要利用的是词向量来做聚类分析；
• 如果需要解决可视化结果的问题，怎么解决？
• 值得一提的是每次生成的词向量都不一样，有什么含义？
• txt文件是分行的，试试不分行的话分词会怎么样？
• 不是中文（英文+数字）需要分词吗？