【Python】Python编程：从入门到实践-笔记+例题

有时候卡住了参考了这个链接：
CSDN:【Python编程： 从入门到实践】习题答案（目录索引）https://blog.csdn.net/qq471011042/article/details/79368237
以及，本书官方的网站，网站附带提供视频资源在B站，还有本书的官方答案在【随书下载】中可以下载
图灵官方：https://www.ituring.com.cn/book/1861 ，十分推荐看官方答案，我是第九章才开始看的，看官方的答案就，写得很标准顺滑总之
再另，我用的是VScode写的
VScode里用python：https://blog.csdn.net/zhangkai950121/article/details/117395333

最后：以下都是边学边码的代码，以一章为单位写的。笔记也在对应的注释里。菜狗本狗，有错误欢迎指正

chap3 列表简介

#3-1 存一些名字，命名为names。依次访问该列表中的每个元素，从而将每个姓名都打印出来
names=['mango','banana','raisins']
print(names)

#3-2 为每人打印一条消息。每条消息都包含相同的问候语，但抬头为相应朋友的姓名
for name in names:
    print(name.title()+',would you like to eat some food')

print('=========================================')
##知识点
#删除，包括del、pop()、remove()
#插入,包括insert,append
#3-4 创建列表，邀请至少三个人共进晚餐
invitation=['AAA','BBB','CCC']
for name in invitation:
    print(name+',we want to invite you to dinner')

#3-5 3-4基础上有个人来不了，print显示；另邀请一个替换，并打印信息
print('AAA can not be present')
del invitation[0]
invitation.insert(2,'DDD')
for name in invitation:
    print(name+',we want to invite you to dinner' )

#3-6 3-5基础上，print找到更大餐桌，insert一位到开头，一位中间，append一位末尾，打印
print('we have a larger table')
invitation.insert(0,'111')
invitation.insert(2,'222')
invitation.append('333')
for name in invitation:
    print(name+',we want to invite you to dinner' )

#3-7 缩减名单，pop()删除直至两人且删一个发一个消息，剩下两人打印消息，最后del删除，名单空
print(invitation)
print('sorrry,the table won\'t  arrive on time')
i=len(invitation)
print(i)
while i>2:
    last_name=invitation.pop(i-1)
    print(last_name+',sorry,you are out')
    i=i-1
for name in invitation:
    print(name+',you are lucky')
del invitation[1]
del invitation[0]
print(invitation)

print('======================================')
##知识点：
#sort()永久性按字母排列,reverse=True反向排列，reverse()永久性反向，sorted()临时排列
#len()列表长度
#3-8 五个地名，原始顺序打印、sorted()、sort()、reverse()排列打印
travel=['EEE','AAA','RRR','NNN','PPP']
sorted_list=sorted(travel)
print(sorted_list)
print(travel)
#travel.sort(reverse=True)
travel.sort()
print(travel)
travel.reverse()
print(travel)

chap4 操作列表

##chap4 操作列表
#####知识点：for循环、缩进
#4-1 三个吃的，for循环打印吃的名字、打印名字和一句话、单独打印一句话，简单不做
#4-2 三个动物，打印名字，打印句子，单独打印一句话
animals=['corgi','goldfish','cat']
print(animals)
for animal in animals:
    print('A '+animal+' would make a great pet')
print('Any of these anmials would make a great pet')
print('==============================================')

#####知识点：数值列表
#range(a,b)生产a到b-1的数字，list(range())生产列表，range(a,b,c)c为间隔数字
# **表示乘方运算  min\max\sum    
#列表解析 squares=[value**2 for value in range(1,11)] 即综合为简短代码
#4-3 for循环打印1-20
for number in range(1,21):
    print(number,end='、')  #end='、 ' 表示将结果打印为一行且以、间隔

#4-4 列表包含1-1000000，for打印
#for number in range(1,1000001):
    #print(number,end=' ')  #ctrl+c可结束计算

#4-5 计算1-一百万总和，以及最大和最小值
millions=list(range(1,1000001))
print('\n')  #这里是因为前面1-20设置、间隔，故在20后不会换行，所以自己加一个
print(+max(millions))  
print(min(millions))
print(sum(millions))

#4-6 range()创建1-20的奇数，for打印
odd_number=range(1,21,2)
for odd in odd_number:
    print(odd,end=' ')

#4-7 列表包含3-30中被3整除的数字，for打印
print('\n')
three_division=range(3,31,3)
for three in three_division:
    print(three,end=' ')

#4-8 2**3表示2的立方，列表1-10的立方并用for循环打印
cubic=[value**3 for value in range(1,11)] #立方解析，输出为列表
print('\n')
print(cubic)
for value in range(1,11):
    value=value**3
    print(value,end=' ')

#####知识点：切片索引
#[a:b]从a开始，索引到b [:b]从头开始，检索b [a:]从a开始检索到最后 [-3:]从最后第三个开始
#[:]可用以复制列表，得俩列表，a_list=b_list则是直接将a关联到b，两个实际为同一列表
#4-10 任选前面的程序，切片打印前三、中间三和后三个元素
print('\n')
print('the frist three items in the list are: ')
print(cubic[0:3])
print('Three items from the middle of the list are: ')
print(cubic[4:7])
print('The last three items in the list are: ')
print(cubic[-3:])

#4-11 创建一个副本，即复制一个列表，分别在两个列表中新增一个元素，for循环打印
new_cubic=cubic[:]
new_cubic.append('000')
cubic.append('999')
print('My favorite numbers are: ')
for number in cubic:
    print(number,end=' ')
print('\n')
print('my friend\'d favorite number is: ')
for number in new_cubic:
    print(number,end=' ')

#####知识点：元组
#元组tuple(a,b)即有a和b两元素，不能直接用tuple[0]=c来修改元素，可以重新赋值
#4-13 五个吃的存元组，for打印，修改一个，重新赋值两种吃的，for打印
restaurant=('banana','grabe','peach','apple','noodle')
for food in restaurant:
    print(food,end=' ')
#restaurant[0]='ahh'  #报错用的
lst=list(restaurant)
lst[0]='rice'
lst[3]='tomato'
restaurant=tuple(lst)
print('\n new meau are: ')
print(restaurant,end=' ')

#####知识点：代码格式
#改进提案（Python Enhancement Proposal，PEP
#https://peps.python.org/pep-0008/，PEP规则，就是代码规范
#修改固定80字符IDLE不可，pycharm可以，vscode也可以

chap5 if语句

######chap5 if语句
#==================================
#####知识点：条件测试
#每条if语句的核心都是一个值为True或False的表达式，这种表达式被称为条件测试
#相等运算符==，检查时可用lower()规避大小写冲突，不等运算符!=，
#关键词and和or，关键词in和not in检查包含与否，
#布尔表达式，返回结果True和False
#===========================================
#5-1 自己搞10个条件测试，结果True和flase对半开
alphabet=['aa','bb','cc']
test='aa'
if test == alphabet[0]:
    print(test)
if test!=alphabet[1]:
    print(test)
print(test==alphabet[0])  #print在这里直接返回布尔判断true和false
print(alphabet[0]=='aa'and alphabet[1]!='bb')
print(test in alphabet)
print('cc' not in alphabet)
print('aa' in test or 'bb' in test)

#5-2 条件测试：字符串相等于否、lower()测试、数字等不等大小于等、and和or、特定值测试
uppercase_letter='AA';
print(uppercase_letter.lower()==test)
print('数字测试')
print(25>30)
print(2<3)
print(2>=2)
print(2<=1)

#===知识点：if-elif-else，elif只在if未通过测试时运行，三选一；
#===else可以省略有时候，只存在if-elif，检测必要条件成立否，可设置多个elif，多选一
#===独立测试，就只要多个if，逐个判断
#==============================================
#5-3 创建外星人变量，if检测颜色是否为绿色，是打印，
alien_color=['green','yellow','red']
if 'green' in alien_color:
    print('you receives 5 points')

#5-4 if-else，绿色获5积分，不是获10积分，
if 'green' in alien_color:
    print('you receives 5 points')
else:
    print('you receives 10 points')

#5-5 if-elif-else
if 'green' in alien_color:
    print('you receives 5 points')
elif 'yellow' in alien_color:
    print('you receives 10 points')
else:
    print('you receives 10 points')

#5-6 age,if-elif-else
age_test=20
if age_test<2:
    print('he is a baby')
elif age_test<4:
    print('he is learning to walk')
elif age_test<13:
    print('he is a child')
elif age_test<20:
    print('he is a teenager')
elif age_test<60:
    print('he is an adult')
else:
    print('he is an older')

#===知识点：检查空元素或不存在的元素
#5-8 5个用户名列表，含admin，打印问候语，admin区别打印
uesr_administrator=['aa','bb','admin','cc','dd']
if uesr_administrator: 
     for user in uesr_administrator:
        if user =='admin':
            print('Hello '+user+', would you like to see a status report?')
        else:
            print('Hello '+user+', thank you for logging in again')
else:  #5-9 添加if语句检查用户列表是否为空
        print('We need to find some users!')

#5-10 两个分别5人的新旧用户名列表，遍历新的，如果已存在，打印消息，不区分大小写
current_users=['aa','bb','cc','dd','ee']
new_users=['AA','ss','ww','dd','oo']
for user in new_users:
    if user.lower() in current_users:
        print('the user name '+user+' already exists')
    else:
        print('you can use this user name: '+user)

#5-11 存数字1-9，遍历并打印每个数字的序数，if-elif-else
numbers=list(range(1,6))
for number in numbers:
    if number == 1:
        print('1st')
    elif number == 2:
        print('2nd')
    elif number == 3:
        print('3rd')
    elif number == 4:
        print('4th')
    elif number == 5:
        print('5th')

chap6 字典

#====================================
#####chap6 字典
#====================================
#===知识点：键-值对，即为字典，如 Mr.Li={'age':2,'gender':'male}
#访问字典：Mr.Li['age'];添加键-对：Mr.Li['address']='China'；空字典：A={}；
#修改值：Mr.Li['address']='UK'；删除键-值：del；
#=============================================
#6-1 字典存储人信息
new_friend={
    'frist name':'Hua',
    'last_name':'Li',
    'age':20,
    'city':'Beijing'
    }
   
#6-2 字典存储5个人喜欢的数字
favorite_number={
    'Li':1,
    'Huang':2,
    'Qin':3,
    'Zhu':4,
    'Hu':5
    }

#6-3 5个编程词汇及含义，打印
programming_vocabulary={
    'and':'连接',
    'list':'列表',
    'range':'生成范围内数字',
    'if':'条件判断',
    'in':'包含'
    }
for key,value in programming_vocabulary.items():  #方法item()
    print(key+' : '+value+'\n')  #6-4 前面的词汇表，print循环遍历输出
    
#===知识点：方法key(),value();排序sorted();
# 剔除重复项，集合set(programming_vocabulary.value()),即去除value里的重复项
#=====================================================
#6-4 再添加5个python术语
programming_vocabulary['or']='或'
print(programming_vocabulary)

#6-5 创建河流字典，三条大河和流经地，循环打印每条河流；分别循环打印河流和国家
river_country={
    'the yellow river':'Qinghai',  #这里是列表和字典的嵌套
    'the Yangtze river':'Jiangsu',
    'nile':'egypt'
    }
print('=====6-5=====')
for k,v in river_country.items():
    print('The '+k+'runs through '+v)
for river in river_country.keys():
    print(river)
for country in river_country.values():
    print(country)

#6-6 字典，名单，遍历名单
print('=====6-6=====')
favorite_languages = {
	'amada':'C',
	'jacky':'java',
	'frank':'c++',
	'polly':'php',
	'maily':'.net'
	}
investigator_lists=['amada','aa','jacky','bb']
for investigator in investigator_lists:
    if investigator in favorite_languages.keys():
        print(investigator+',thanks')
    else:
        print('Dear '+investigator+',sincerely invite you to participate in the survey')

#===知识点：嵌套：字典和列表的包含关系，或者字典和字典
#=================================================
#6-7 6-1基础上再加两个表示人的字典，都存在people列表中，遍历打印每个人信息
print('=====6-7=====')
friend_1st={
    'frist name':'Hua',
    'last_name':'Li',
    'age':20,
    'city':'Beijing'
}
friend_2nd={
    'frist name':'Fei',
    'last_name':'Zhang',
    'age':18,
    'city':'Chengdu'
}
friend_3rd={
    'frist name':'Bei',
    'last_name':'Liu',
    'age':25,
    'city':'Guangzhou'
}
people=[friend_1st,friend_2nd,friend_3rd]
for name in people:
    print(name)

#6-8 同6-7，主语换成了宠物而已
#6-9 字典嵌套列表，favorite_places的字典，人作为键，三个喜欢地方为值，遍历打印
print("=====6-9=====")
favorite_places={
    'Lihua':['Guangzhou','Roman','UK'],
    'Xiaoming':['Suzhou','Xinjiang','Italy'],
    'Zhangsan':['Xizang','Finland','Norway']
}
for name,places in favorite_places.items():
    print(name.title()+"'s favorite places are: ")
    for place in places:
        print("\t"+place.title())

#6-10 改编6-2，同6-9类似
print("=====6-10=====")
favorite_number={
    'Li':[1,2,3],
    'Huang':[2,3],
    'Qin':[3,4],
    'Zhu':[4,5],
    'Hu':[5,6]
    }
for name,numbers in favorite_number.items():
    print("\n"+name.title()+"'s favorite numbers are: ")
    for number in numbers:
        print("\t"+str(number),end=' ')

#6-11 字典嵌套字典，几个城市，城市包含国家、人口数和城市事实,遍历打印
print("\n=====6-11=====")
cities={
    'Beijing':{
        'country':'China',
        'population':'1.4 billion',
        'fact':'beauty'
    },
    'New York':{
        'country':'The United States',
        'population':'0.33 billion',
        'fact':'Well'
    }
}
for city,information in cities.items():
    print("The information about "+city+" is as follow: ")
    for k,v in information.items():
        print("\t"+k.title()+" : "+v.title())

chap7 用户输入和while循环

#=============================================
#=====chap7 用户输入和while循环
#=============================================
#===知识点：input()输入，将结果视为字符串；int()输入，结果视为数值；求余数运算符【%】
#==============================================
#7-1 input输入：编写程序模拟租车
print("=====7-1=====")
car_rental=input("What kind of car would you like to rent ")
print("Let me see if I can find you a "+car_rental)

#7-2 int数字转换：模拟订餐，超过8人打印没有空桌
print("=====7-2=====")
restaurant_reservation=input("How many people are there for dinner ")
restaurant_reservation=int(restaurant_reservation)
if restaurant_reservation>=8:
    print("sorry,we have no vacant table")
else:
    print("welcome")

#7-3 输入数字判断是否是10的整数倍
print("=====7-3=====")
number_aliquot=input("show me a number ")
number_aliquot=int(number_aliquot)
if number_aliquot % 10 == 0:
    print("this number can be divisible by 10 ")
else:
    print("Bye")

#===知识点：while循环
#===结束循环：设置标志，如a=true；while a：或者用break直接结束；continue回到循环开头
#===crtl+C，关闭运行的程序
#===========================================
#7-4 输入披萨配料，并提示quit结束
print("=====7-4=====")
pizza_toppings="enter the topping you want to add: "
pizza_toppings+="\nenter 'quit' when you are finished: "
while True:
    topping=input(pizza_toppings)
    if topping=='quit':
        break
    else:
        print(topping+" has been added to pizza")

#7-5 循环/input/int/break:询问用户年龄，输出对应票价
print("=====7-5=====")
ticket="tell me how old you are: "
while True:
    age=input(ticket)
    age=int(age)
    if age<3:
        print("free")
        break
    elif age<12:
        print("$10")
        break
    else:
        print('$15')
        break

#7-6 while中用条件测试结束循环、active作为标志、break在quit时
print("=====7-6=====")
pizza_toppings="enter the topping you want to add: "
pizza_toppings+="\nenter 'quit' when you are finished: "
active=True
while active:
    topping=input(pizza_toppings)
    if topping=='quit':
        break #active=Flase也可行
    else:
        print(topping+" has been added to pizza")

#===知识点：for循环不建议修改列表，但while循环可以
#===可移动元素；可删除列表里所有特定元素remove()；
#===============================================
#一个没搞明白的示例
print("=====没搞明白的示例=====")
responses={}
polling_active=True
while polling_active:
    #输入被调查者的名字和回答
    name=input("\nwhat is your name? ")
    response=input("which mountain would you like to climb someday?")
    #存储回答到字典中  ？？？？？？？？？？？就是这里没看懂
    responses[name]=response
    #其他接受调查的人
    repeat=input("巴拉巴拉(yes/no)")
    if repeat=='no':
        polling_active=False
#调查结果输出
print("------Poll Results-------")
for name,response in responses.items():
    print(name+" would like to climb "+response)

#7-8 三明治菜单和制作完成两个列表，依次从菜单栏移动到完成列表，并输出完成提示
print("=====7-8 & 7-9=====")
sandwich_orders=['aa','bb','cc','aa','aa']
finished_snadwiches=[]
while sandwich_orders:  #7-9 某物出现三次以上，while循环删掉
    while 'aa' in sandwich_orders:
        sandwich_orders.remove('aa')
    if 'aa' not in sandwich_orders:
        finish=sandwich_orders.pop()
        print("I made your "+finish+" sandwich")
        finished_snadwiches.append(finish)  #前面只是弹出来了，但并没有添加到完成列表里
print(sorted(finished_snadwiches))

#7-10 调查度假圣地
print("=====7-10=====")
vocation_places={}
survey=True
while survey:
    name=input("what's your name? ")
    place=input("If you could visit one place in the world, where would you go?")
    vocation_places[name]=survey
    over=input("thanks for your reply.Have a drink(yes/no)")
    if over == 'no':
        survey=False
print(vocation_places)

chap8 函数

#==========================================
#===chap8 函数
#==========================================
#===知识点：def()定义函数，文档字符串""" """三引号做注释；实参和形参
#=======================================================
#8.1 编辑函数指出本章所学内容
print("=====8.1=====")
def display_message():
    print("what i learned is function ")
display_message();

#8.2 code a function to tell us your favorite book
print("=====8.2=====")
def favorite_book(title):
    print("One of my favorite books is "+title)
favorite_book("Alice in Wonderland")

#===知识点：位置实参，就是多个参数传递给函数，注意参数对应的位置
#==========关键字实参，将函数中的形参在实参中写一下，如def pet(type,age),最后pet(type='a',age='12')
#==========默认值：即给形参指定值。def pet(age,type='dog'),注意默认值在后面.函数只需提供另一个，即pet('12')
# 8.3 编写T恤函数。接受尺码和字样。位置实参和关键字实参
print("=====8.3=====")
def make_shirt(size,word):
    """位置和关键字实参"""
    print("The T-shirt's "+size+" is "+word)
make_shirt("16","'i wanna sleep'")
make_shirt(size='16',word="'no, you don't'")

#8.4 修改8.3，大中小号T恤，默认值
print("=====8.4=====")
def make_shirts(size,word):
    print("The T-shirt's "+size+" is "+word)
sizes=('large','medium','small')
for size in sizes:
    make_shirt(size,word='i love python')

#8.5 城市+所属国默认值
print("=====8.5=====")
def describe_city(city,country='China'):
    print(city.title()+" is in "+country.title())
cities=('Chengdu','Chongqing','Guizhou')
for city in cities:
    describe_city(city)

#===知识点：函数中添加返回值return()；设置形参可接受空值，用if-else的布尔值判断
#==========返回字典。while循环
# 8.6 城市和国家，返回固定格式
print("=====8.6=====")
def city_country(city,country):
    full_string='"'+city+', '+country+'"'
    return full_string
a=city_country('aa','bb')
print(a)
'''下面的方法不成功，反应不出来
city_country={'Chengdu':'China',
              'New York':'America',
              'London':'UK'}
for k,v in city_country.items():
    city_country(k,v)
    print(city_country)'''

#8.7 & 8.8 ①music album；②add an optional parameter;③use dict
print("=====8.7=====")
def make_album(singer_name,album_name,number_songs=''):  #这两个''挺重要
    album={}
    if number_songs:
        album['Singer name: ']=singer_name
        album['Album name: ']=album_name
        album['Total number of songs: ']=number_songs
        #the next code can run directly after deleting three lines before 
        #album=singer_name+':'+album_name+"the total number of songs:"+number_songs
        return album
    else:
        album['Singer name: ']=singer_name
        album['Album name: ']=album_name
        #the next code is similar to the above
        #album=singer_name+' : '+album_name
        return album
while True:
    print('type your favorite singer and his/her album name')
    print("enter 'q' to quit this program or nothing to continue")
    s_name=input('singer_name: ')
    if s_name=='q':
        break    
    a_name=input('album_name: ')
    if a_name=='q':
        break
    num_songs=input("total number of songs :")
    get_album=make_album(s_name,a_name,num_songs)
    print(get_album)

#知识点：①用列表存储信息，调用函数；②副本传递[:]
#==========================================================================
#8.9 函数调用列表
print('=====8.9=====')
def show_magicians(names):
    for name in names:
        print('hallo, '+name)
magicians=['aa','bb','cc']
#show_magicians(magicians) #to avoid duplicating with function behind

#8.10 8.9基础上，增加一个函数
def make_great(name_list,change_names):  #change_name是关键，不然不好获得返回值
    while name_list:
        name=name_list.pop()
        name="The Great "+name
        change_names.append(name)
change_names=[]
#make_great(magicians,change_names) #similarly to the 8.9 note
#show_magicians(change_names)

#8.11 8.10基础上，传递副本，返回值另存列表，共俩，改名前和后
make_great(magicians[:],change_names)  
show_magicians(magicians)
show_magicians(change_names)

#知识点：①【*】符号可以接受多次实参，带*参数放后面；②【**】创建字典
#====================================================================
#8.12 三明治函数，
print('=====8.12=====')
def make_sandwich(*toppings):
    print("Making a sandwich with the following toppings:")
    for topping in toppings:
        print("- "+topping)
make_sandwich('aa')
make_sandwich('fadsfd')

#8.13 改程序，指名道姓，和三对描述性键值对
print('=====8.13=====')
def build_profile(frist,last,**user_info):
    profiles={}
    profiles['frist_name:']=frist
    profiles['last_name:']=last
    for k,v in user_info.items():
        profiles[k]=v  #这里蛮神奇的
    return profiles
user_profiles=build_profile('aa','bb',
                            food='sandwich',drink='water',bed='sleep')
print(user_profiles)

#8.14 汽车字典存储数据
print('=====8.14=====')
def make_car(automaker,modal,**car_info):
    profiles={}
    profiles['Automaker:']=automaker
    profiles['Car_Modal:']=modal
    for k,v in profiles.items():
        profiles[k]=v
    return profiles
car=make_car('subaru','outback',color='blue',tow_package=True)
print(car)

#知识点：导入函数
#①import XXXXX;     ②from XXX import XXXX；
#③from XX import xxx as bb  ④import xxx as xxx
#导入模块所有函数：【from xxx import *】，*即代表所有。不推荐一般，万一和已有函数重了
#==============================================================================

chap9 类

#===============================================================
#====chap9 类
#===============================================================
#知识点：①创建和使用类：class XXX().XXX首字母大写
#       ②类中的函数称为方法。如def _init_(self,name,age)：首位下划线避免方法和python自带方法冲突
#       ③self是必须的，类似定义了后两个东西的主体是谁，用到时也好调用
#       ④可通过实例访问的变量即属性，self.name=name,
#==========================================================================
#9.1 创建餐馆类，三个方法，两个属性
print('=====9.1=====')
class Restaurant():
    def __init__(self,restaurant_name,cuisine_type):  #注意，是前后两根下划线！！
        self.name=restaurant_name
        self.type=cuisine_type
    def describe_restaurant(self):
        print("the name of restaurant is: "+self.name.title())
        print("the cuisine are: "+self.type.title())
    def open_restaurant(self):
        print("welcome")
have_meal=Restaurant('aa','bb')
print(have_meal.name.title())  #查看属性
print(have_meal.type)
have_meal.describe_restaurant() #调用方法
have_meal.open_restaurant()

#9.2 9.1创建三个实例.都是重复的就只写一个
print('=====9.2=====')
have_breakfast=Restaurant('bb','vv')
print(have_breakfast.name+','+have_breakfast.type) 

#9.3 创建user类，两个属性，两个方法
print('=====9.3=====')
class User():
    def __init__(self,frist_name,last_name):
        self.frist_name=frist_name
        self.last_name=last_name
    def describe_user(self):
        print("Frist name: "+self.frist_name)
        print("Last name: "+self.last_name)
    def greet_uesr(self):
        print("hallo,"+self.frist_name+self.last_name)
people_one=User('aaa','bbb')  #这就是一个实例
people_one.describe_user()
people_one.greet_uesr()

#知识点：修改属性的值：①直接修改属性。②方法中增加一个属性修改。③增加一个方法修改
#=========================================================================
#9.4 9.1程序，新增默认值为0的参数;新增方法可设置就餐人数;递增方法
print('=====9.4=====')
class cafe():
    def __init__(self,restaurant_name,cuisine_type):  #注意，是前后两根下划线！！
        self.name=restaurant_name
        self.type=cuisine_type
    def describe_restaurant(self,number_served):  #方法中增加一个属性
        self.number_served=number_served
        print("the name of restaurant is: "+self.name.title())
        print("the cuisine are: "+self.type.title())
        print("Number served: "+str(self.number_served))
    def set_number_served(self,set_number_served): #增加一个方法
        self.set_number_served=set_number_served
    def increment_number_served(self,increment_number): #③增加一个方法
        self.set_number_served+=increment_number
    def read_restaurant(self):
        print("now the number of served is  "+str(self.set_number_served))
restaurant=cafe('zzz','ddd')
restaurant.describe_restaurant(0)
restaurant.set_number_served(13)
restaurant.read_restaurant()
restaurant.increment_number_served(2)
restaurant.read_restaurant()

#9.5 9.3基础上，增加属性，方法将属性值加1，又一方法将属性值减1
print("=====9.5=====")
class User2():
    def __init__(self,frist_name,last_name):
        self.frist_name=frist_name
        self.last_name=last_name
        self.login_attempts=0 
        #下一行不能用，用了self.login_attempt变成字符串，在方法increcet中报错
        #self.login_attempts=login_attempts
    def describe_user(self):
        print("Frist name: "+self.frist_name)
        print("Last name: "+self.last_name)
    def increcent_login_attempts(self,login_attempts):
        self.login_attempts+=login_attempts
    def reset_login_attempts(self):
        self.login_attempts=0
    def print_uesr(self):
        print("now the number of users are  "+str(self.login_attempts))
uuu=User2('aa','bb')
i=10
while i>5:
    uuu.increcent_login_attempts(1)
    uuu.print_uesr()
    i=i-1
while i>0:
    uuu.reset_login_attempts()
    uuu.print_uesr()
    i=i-1

#知识点：超类superclass，实际就是继承另一个类的方法
#=======================================================================
#9.6 冰淇淋类，继承9.4的餐馆类，添加一个口味属性
print("=====9.6=====")
class IceCreamStand(cafe): #包含父类名很重要
    def __init__(self,restaurant_name,cuisine_type):
        """initialize the properties"""
        super().__init__(restaurant_name,cuisine_type) #继承父类
    def cream_flavors(self,*flavors): 
        for flavor in flavors:
            print("the flavor of ice cream has "+str(flavor)) #这里不加str会报错
flavors=['aa','bb','vc']
ice_cream=IceCreamStand('DairyQueen','iiii')
ice_cream.cream_flavors(flavors)

#another way
class IceCreamStand2(cafe): #包含父类名很重要
    def __init__(self,restaurant_name,cuisine_type):
        """initialize the properties"""
        super().__init__(restaurant_name,cuisine_type) #继承父类
    def cream_flavors(self):  #这里打印出来就是字符串，而不是上一个里面的列表
        flavors=['aa','bb','vc']
        for flavor in flavors:
            print("the flavor of ice cream has "+(flavor))
ice_cream2=IceCreamStand2("DairyQueen",'aaaa')
ice_cream2.cream_flavors()

#9.7 管理员，继承9.5的user类
print("=====9.7=====")
class Admin(User):
    def __init__(self, frist_name, last_name):
        super().__init__(frist_name, last_name)
        self.privileges=["can add post","can delete post","can ban user"]
    def show_privileges(self):
        print("the administration of this computer is "+self.frist_name+self.last_name)
        for privilege in self.privileges:
            print("the admin have:"+privilege)
PC_admin=Admin('zhang','san')
PC_admin.show_privileges()

#9.8 一个类调用另一个类，
print("=====9.8=====")
class Admin2(User):
    def __init__(self, frist_name, last_name):
        super().__init__(frist_name, last_name)
        self.privileges=["can add post","can delete post","can ban user"]
        self.privilege=Privileges() #调用另一个类
class Privileges():
    privileges=["can add post","can delete post","can ban user"]
    def show_privileges(self):
        for privilege in self.privileges:
            print("the admin have:"+privilege)   
pc_admin=Admin2("zhao",'si')
pc_admin.privilege.show_privileges() #两个类见的调用

#9.9 书上例子增加。多个类继承和调用。
print("=====9.9=====")
class Car():
    def __init__(self,make,modal,year):
        self.make=make
        self.model=modal
        self.year=year
        self.odometer_reading=0
    def get_descriptive_name(self):
        long_name=str(self.year)+" "+self.make+" "+self.model
        return long_name.title()
    def read_odometer(self):
        print("this car has "+str(self.odometer_reading)+" miles on it")
    def updata_odometer(self,mileage):
        if mileage>=self.odometer_reading:
            self.odometer_reading=mileage
        else:
            print("you can not roll back an odometer")
    def increment_odometer(self,miles):
        self.odometer_reading+=miles
class ElectricCar(Car):
    def __init__(self, make, modal, year):
        super().__init__(make, modal, year)
        self.battery_size=Battery()  #调用另一个类
class Battery():
    def __init__(self,battery_size=70):
        self.battery_size=battery_size
    def describe_battery(self):
        print("this car has a "+str(self.battery_size)+"-kWh battery")
    def get_range(self):
        if self.battery_size==70:
            range=240
        elif self.battery_size==85:
            range=270
        message="this car can go appeoximately "+str(range)
        message+=" miles on full charge"
        print(message)
    def upgrade_battery(self):
        if self.battery_size!=85:
            self.battery_size=85
my_car=ElectricCar('tesla','model','2020')
my_car.updata_odometer(100)
my_car.read_odometer()
my_car.battery_size.get_range()
my_car.battery_size.upgrade_battery()
my_car.battery_size.get_range()

#知识点：可以将函数和类，另存为一个模块，如car.py，
# 这样就可：from car import Car\from car import ElectricCar\from car import Car,ElectricCar
#导入整个模块，import car
#导入模块中所有类，from xxx import * [不推荐]
#==========================================================================
#9.10-9.13d导入模块都没有做
#9.14 rangom函数
print("=====9.14=====")
from random import randint
class Die():
    def __init__(self):
        self.sides=6
    def roll_die6(self):
        print(randint(1,6),end=' ')
    def roll_die10(self):
        print(randint(1,10),end=' ')
    def roll_die20(self):
        print(randint(1,20),end=' ')  
roll_dice=Die()
for i in range(10):
    roll_dice.roll_die6()

chap10 文件和异常

#10.1 编程程序读取自己存储的文本文件
print("=====10.1=====")
filename=r"E:\AHHHH\笔记本\Python\learn_python\learn_python_chap10.txt"
with open(filename) as f: #整个文件打印
    lines=f.read()
    for i in range(3): 
        print(lines)
with open(filename) as f:
    for  line in f: #遍历打印，print在每行自带一个换行符，每行末尾也有一个，故消去一个
        print(line.rstrip())
with open(filename) as f: #在with结构外打印，
    lines=f.readlines()  #读取存为列表
for line in lines:
    print(line.strip())

#10.2 替换python为java
print("=====10.2=====")
for line2 in lines:
    line2=line2.replace('python','Java')
    print(line2.strip())

#知识点：【'w'写入模式,'r'读取,'a'添加模式,'r+'读加其他模式】。在open(filename,'x')用
#       默认以只读方法打开文件。且，只能写入【字符串】。'a'只会在末尾增加内容
#       filename.write()就可以写东西了，默认没有【换行符】
#============================================================================
#10.3 写访客
print("=====10.3======")
filename=r'E:\AHHHH\笔记本\Python\learn_python\guest.txt'
#with open(filename,'r') as f:
#    name=input("tpye your user name: ")
#    f.write(name) #存储的需要是字符串，把上一句input放这里name处，不成立

#10.4 访客名单加while循环
print("=====10.4=====")
contents=("Please input your name \n")
contents+=("enter 'q' to close this programe: ")
while True:
    name=input(contents) 
    if name=='q':
        break
    else:
        with open(filename,'a') as file: #循环多次写入，用【a】
            file.write(name+'\n')

#10.5 编程调查
print("=====10.5======")
filename=r'E:\AHHHH\笔记本\Python\learn_python\survey.txt'
print("tpye 'q' to end this program")
while True:
    reason=input("write your reason about why you choose to code: ")
    if reason=='q':
        break
    else:
        with open(filename,'a') as f:
            f.write(reason+'\n')

#知识点：处理异常，try-except板块，try-except-else
#       程序发生异常时不做任何表示，则可以用加上pass语句在try-except里
#       split(),将字符串划定为多个单词。
#===================================================================
#10.6 加法运算.当输入的不是数字时，报错
print("=====10.6=====")
def caculate():
    try:
        print("please type two number for caculate")
        frist_num=input("frist_number: ") #input输入的是字符串，需转换
        frist_num=int(frist_num)
        second_num=input("second_number: ")
        second_num=int(second_num)
    except ValueError:
        print("Your input is not in number format, please check again")
    else:
        add_num=frist_num+second_num
        print("the sum is: "+str(add_num)) #计算完后，add_num是int形式，要转为str
caculate()
    
#10.7 加法计算器。改编10.6，
print("=====10.7=====")
def caculate2():
    print("enter 'q' to end this program")
    while True:
        try:
            print("please type two number for caculate")
            frist_num=input("frist_number: ") 
            if frist_num=='q':
                break
            else:
                frist_num=int(frist_num)
            second_num=input("second_number: ")
            if second_num=='q':
                break
            else:
                second_num=int(second_num)
        except ValueError:
            print("Your input is not in number format, please try again")
        else:
            add_num=frist_num+second_num
            print("the sum is: "+str(add_num))
caculate2()

#10.8 创建猫和狗txt，读取文件并打印，文件不存在时返回错误
print("=====10.8=====")
import os
def read_cat_dog():
    #下面是借鉴的这个链接代码：https://blog.csdn.net/ayouleyang/article/details/102746267
    #主要是打开指定路径下多个文件。官方描述在这里：https://pymotw.com/3/os/index.html
    path="E:\AHHHH\笔记本\Python\learn_python" 
    files=os.listdir(path)                     
    for file in files:
        try:
            if file=='cats.txt'or file =='dogs.txt':
                position=path+'\\'+file
                print(position)            
                with open(position) as f:
                    contents=f.readlines()
                    print(contents," ")
        except FileNotFoundError:
            print("can not find your file")
read_cat_dog()

#10.9 修改10.8代码，用except-pass传递
print("=====10.9=====")
import os
def read_cat_dog2():
    #下面是借鉴的这个链接代码：https://blog.csdn.net/ayouleyang/article/details/102746267
    #主要是打开指定路径下多个文件。官方描述在这里：https://pymotw.com/3/os/index.html
    path="E:\AHHHH\笔记本\Python\learn_python" 
    files=os.listdir(path) 
    for file in files:                    
        try:
            if file=='cats.txt'or file =='dogs.txt':
                position=path+'\\'+file
                print(position)            
                with open(position) as f:
                    contents=f.readlines()
                    print(contents," ")
        except FileNotFoundError:
            pass
read_cat_dog2()

#知识点：存储数据，模块JSON(JSON（JavaScript Object Notation)
#       json.dump,存储文件，json.load,读取文件
#       重构，将代码改进，比如改为几个有关系的函数
#========================================================================
#10.11 喜欢的数字
print("=====10.11=====")
import json
favorite_num=input("\nwhat is your favorite number: ")
filename=r'E:\AHHHH\笔记本\Python\learn_python\\10.11favorite_number.json' #后缀json
with open(filename,'w') as f:
    json.dump(favorite_num,f)
    print("Done")

with open(filename) as f:
    favorite_number=json.load(f)
    print("your number is: "+favorite_number)

#10.12 合并10.11的程序.数字存在就输出，不然就输入
print("=====10.12=====")
import json
def favorite_number():
    filename=r'E:\AHHHH\笔记本\Python\learn_python\\10.12favorite_number.json' #后缀json
    try:
        with open(filename) as f:
            favorite_num=json.load(f)
            print("your number is "+favorite_num)
    except:
        favorite_num=input("\nwhat is your favorite number: ")
        with open(filename,'w') as f:
            json.dump(favorite_num,f)
            print("the input number is "+favorite_num)
favorite_number()

#10.13 修改例子程序
#这个程序有个问题是对于已存在用户名，只限于一个名字，两个报错。没有做进一步修改
print("=====10.13======")
import json
def get_stored_username():
    filename=r'E:\AHHHH\笔记本\Python\learn_python\\10.13username.json'
    try:
        with open(filename) as f:
            username=json.load(f)
    except FileNotFoundError:
        return None
    else:
        return username
def get_new_username():
    username=input("what is your name ")
    filename=r'E:\AHHHH\笔记本\Python\learn_python\\10.13username.json'
    with open(filename,'a') as f:
        json.dump(username,f)
    return username
def greet_user():
    username=get_stored_username()
    if username:
        print("your username is: "+username)
        """验证用户名正确性"""
        make_sure=input("type y/n to make sure your username is right: ")
        if make_sure=='y':
            print("welcome back! "+username)
        else:
            print("sorry, you need to input a right username")
            username=get_new_username()
            print('welcome! '+username)
    else:
        username=get_new_username()
        print("hallo! "+username)
greet_user()

chap11 测试代码

每一小题的测试建议把上一题注释掉再运行

#==========================================================================
#chap11 测试代码
#===========================================================================
#知识点：单元测试：检查函数某方面有无问题；测试用例：一组单元测试；
#       全覆盖式测试用例：一整套单元测试
#       模块unittest，unittest.TestCase类，方法assertEqual：两字符串是否一致
#=========================================================================
#11.1 接受国家和城市的函数
print("=====11.1=====")
def country_city(country,city):
    combine_string=country+", "+city
    return combine_string
import unittest
class TestCityCountry(unittest.TestCase):  #除了具体函数，其他都是，规定写法
    def test_city_country(self):
        combine=country_city('santiago','chile')
        self.assertEqual(combine,'santiago, chile')
unittest.main()

#11.2 在11.1基础上加一个人口形参，修改代码
print("=====11.2=====")
import unittest
def country_city_population(country,city,population=0):  #就直接写在这里不另存文件调用了
    if population:
        combine_string=country+", "+city+"-population="+str(population)
    else:
        combine_string=country+", "+city
    return combine_string
class TestCityCountry2(unittest.TestCase):  #除了具体函数，其他都是，规定写法
    def test_city_country(self):
        combine=country_city_population('santiago','chile')
        self.assertEqual(combine,'santiago, chile')
    def test_city_country_poputlation(self):
        combine=country_city_population('santiago','chile',population=5000000)
        self.assertEqual(combine,'santiago, chile-population=5000000')
unittest.main()

#知识点：各种断言方法
        # self.assertEqual(a,b)
        # self.assertNotEqual(a,b)
        # self.assertTrue(x)
        # self.assertFalse(x)
        # self.assertIn(item,list)
        # self.assertNotIn(item,list)
#知识点：setUP()方法，创建一系列实例并设置属性。相比于每个方法中都创建实例和属性要简便
#===================================================================
#11.3 雇员
print("=====11.3=====")
class Employee():
    def __init__(self,frist_name,Last_name,annual_salary):
        self.frist_name=frist_name
        self.last_name=Last_name
        self.annual_salary=annual_salary
    def give_raise(self,salary_raise=5000): #默认5000，但是想变的话实例输入就行
        if salary_raise:
            salary_raise=int(salary_raise)
            self.annual_salary=self.annual_salary+salary_raise
            #print(self.annual_salary)
#ah=Employee('zhang','san',10000)
#ah.give_raise(10000)
import unittest
class TestEmployee(unittest.TestCase):
    def setUp(self):
        self.ah=Employee('zhang','san',10000)
    def test_give_default_raise(self):
        self.ah.give_raise(5000)
        self.assertEqual(self.ah.annual_salary,15000)
    def test_give_custom_raise(self):
        self.ah.give_raise(20000)
        self.assertEqual(self.ah.annual_salary,30000)
unittest.main()