上市公司尾部风险测度检验(基于风险调整收益率)部一

读取上市公司收益率数据

# 用EVT方法计算得到的尾部贝塔值("readr")
library("readr")
library("readxl")
library("dplyr")
library(stringr)
library(PerformanceAnalytics)
setwd("e:/R/tail risk/month")
r8<-read.csv("r8.csv")
r<-data.frame(Trdmnt=as.numeric(str_replace_all(r8$Trddt,"-","")) ,r8)%>%select(-3)%>%tbl_df() # 读取个股市场日数据
y<-read_excel("y.xlsx",sheet = 1) ## 个股月收益率
ywf<-read_excel("ywf.xlsx",sheet = 1)%>%select(-2,-4) ## 无风险月收益率
y1<-slice(y,-(1L:2L))%>%select(-4)
# mode(r3$Trdmnt)
y2<-as.numeric(str_replace_all(y1$Trdmnt,"-",""))
y3<-left_join(data.frame(y1,y2)%>%select(-2)%>%rename(Trdmnt= y2),ywf,by="Trdmnt")
y4<-y3[,c(1,4,2,3,5)]%>%filter(Mretwd!="NA")
write.csv(y4,"y4.csv",row.names = FALSE)
y4<-read.csv("y4.csv")
y4<-mutate(y4,eMretwd=Mretwd-Nrrmtdt/100)
ys<-read_excel("ys.xlsx",sheet = 1)%>%slice(-(1L:2L))%>%filter(Markettype==5)%>%select(-1) ## 市场月收益率
ys<-data.frame(Trdmnt=as.numeric(str_replace_all(ys$Trdmnt,"-","")) ,ys)%>%select(-2) 
y6<-left_join(y4,ys,by="Trdmnt")
write.csv(y6,"y6.csv",row.names = FALSE)
y6<-read.csv("y6.csv") 
y6<-mutate(y6,ecm=Cmretwdos-Nrrmtdt/100)
load("r.RData")
listd<-read.csv("listd.csv");listy<-read.csv("listy.csv")
r<-left_join(r,listd,by="Stkcd")
y5<-read.csv("y6.csv")%>%tbl_df()# 读取个股市场月数据
y5<-left_join(y5,listy,by="Stkcd")
sy<-read_excel("sy.xlsx")%>%tbl_df()
wy<-read_excel("wy.xlsx")%>%tbl_df()
varp<-0.05
#

利用类似Fama-Macbeth滚动方法检验

a0b1=numeric();a1b1=numeric();a2b1=numeric();a3b1=numeric();a4b1=numeric()
a0b2=numeric();a1b2=numeric();a2b2=numeric();a3b2=numeric();a4b2=numeric()
a0c1=numeric();a1c1=numeric();a2c1=numeric();a3c1=numeric();a4c1=numeric()
a0c2=numeric();a1c2=numeric();a2c2=numeric();a3c2=numeric();a4c2=numeric()
a0d1=numeric();a1d1=numeric();a2d1=numeric();a3d1=numeric();a4d1=numeric()
a0d2=numeric();a1d2=numeric();a2d2=numeric();a3d2=numeric();a4d2=numeric()
a0e1=numeric();a1e1=numeric();a2e1=numeric();a3e1=numeric();a4e1=numeric()
a0e2=numeric();a1e2=numeric();a2e2=numeric();a3e2=numeric();a4e2=numeric()
a0g1=numeric();a1g1=numeric();a2g1=numeric();a3g1=numeric();a4g1=numeric()
a0g2=numeric();a1g2=numeric();a2g2=numeric();a3g2=numeric();a4g2=numeric()
a0f1=list(NA,NA,NA,NA,NA);a1f1=list(NA,NA,NA,NA,NA);a2f1=list(NA,NA,NA,NA,NA);a3f1=list(NA,NA,NA,NA,NA);a4f1=list(NA,NA,NA,NA,NA)
a0f2=list(NA,NA,NA,NA,NA);a1f2=list(NA,NA,NA,NA,NA);a2f2=list(NA,NA,NA,NA,NA);a3f2=list(NA,NA,NA,NA,NA);a4f2=list(NA,NA,NA,NA,NA)

# 月度滚动
for(i in 0:20){
  for(h in 0:11){
    r1<-filter(r,Trdmnt>=(19950101+100*h+10000*i),Trdmnt<(19980101+100*h+10000*i))
    # 筛选出上市时期不大于5年窗口期第一个交易日的股票
    r1<-filter(r1,List<=min(r1$Trdmnt))
    k<-round(nrow(distinct(r1,Trdmnt))*varp)
    r2<-distinct(r1,Trdmnt,.keep_all = TRUE)%>%transmute(rme=Cdretwdos-Nrrdaydt/100,rme=-rme)%>%arrange(rme)
    r3<-slice(r2,(nrow(distinct(r1,Trdmnt))-k+1):n())
    r4<-transmute(r3,lrme=log(rme));a<-sum(r4)       
    α1<-1/k*a-log(as.numeric(slice(r2,nrow(distinct(r1,Trdmnt))-k))) #得出 Hill estimator
    r5<-mutate(r1,rje=-(Dretwd-Nrrdaydt/100),rme=-(Cdretwdos-Nrrdaydt/100))
    b<-group_by(r5,Stkcd)%>%arrange(rme)%>%slice(n()-round(n()*varp))%>%select(Stkcd,rme)%>%rename(frme=rme) #市场VAR
    f<-group_by(r5,Stkcd)%>%arrange(rje)%>%slice(n()-round(n()*varp))%>%select(Stkcd,rje)%>%rename(frje=rje) #个股VAR
    e<-group_by(r5,Stkcd)%>%summarise(k=round(n()*varp)) # 也可以求出k值
    # 检验分组正确性 ff<-filter(r5,Stkcd==2)%>%arrange(rje)
    # 有时用slice选择行会出错,可以用filter。
    c<-left_join(r5,f,by="Stkcd")%>%left_join(b,by="Stkcd")
    c1<-mutate(c,t=ifelse(rje>frje&rme>frme,1,0),tt=ifelse(rme>frme,1,0))
    c2<-group_by(c1,Stkcd)%>%summarise(τ=sum(t)/sum(tt)) 
    varm<-b
    varj<-f
    d<-left_join(c2,varj,by="Stkcd")%>%left_join(varm,by="Stkcd")%>%mutate(=(τ^α1)*frje/frme)%>%select(-(2:4))%>%arrange(desc())
    y6<-filter(y5,Trdmnt==(199801+h+100*i))
    
    a0b1[i*12+(h+1)]=mean(inner_join(y6,slice(d,1:(n()/5)),by="Stkcd")$eMretwd)
    a1b1[i*12+(h+1)]=mean(inner_join(y6,slice(d,(n()/5*1+1):(n()/5*(1+1))),by="Stkcd")$eMretwd)
    a2b1[i*12+(h+1)]=mean(inner_join(y6,slice(d,(n()/5*2+1):(n()/5*(2+1))),by="Stkcd")$eMretwd)
    a3b1[i*12+(h+1)]=mean(inner_join(y6,slice(d,(n()/5*3+1):(n()/5*(3+1))),by="Stkcd")$eMretwd)
    a4b1[i*12+(h+1)]=mean(inner_join(y6,slice(d,(n()/5*4+1):(n()/5*(4+1))),by="Stkcd")$eMretwd)
    
    a0b2[i*12+(h+1)]=weighted.mean(inner_join(y6,slice(d,1:(n()/5)),by="Stkcd")$eMretwd,inner_join(y6,slice(d,1:(n()/5)),by="Stkcd")$Msmvosd)
    a1b2[i*12+(h+1)]=weighted.mean(inner_join(y6,slice(d,(n()/5*1+1):(n()/5*(1+1))),by="Stkcd")$eMretwd,inner_join(y6,slice(d,(n()/5*1+1):(n()/5*(1+1))),by="Stkcd")$Msmvosd)
    a2b2[i*12+(h+1)]=weighted.mean(inner_join(y6,slice(d,(n()/5*2+1):(n()/5*(2+1))),by="Stkcd")$eMretwd,inner_join(y6,slice(d,(n()/5*2+1):(n()/5*(2+1))),by="Stkcd")$Msmvosd)
    a3b2[i*12+(h+1)]=weighted.mean(inner_join(y6,slice(d,(n()/5*3+1):(n()/5*(3+1))),by="Stkcd")$eMretwd,inner_join(y6,slice(d,(n()/5*3+1):(n()/5*(3+1))),by="Stkcd")$Msmvosd)
    a4b2[i*12+(h+1)]=weighted.mean(inner_join(y6,slice(d,(n()/5*4+1):(n()/5*(4+1))),by="Stkcd")$eMretwd,inner_join(y6,slice(d,(n()/5*4+1):(n()/5*(4+1))),by="Stkcd")$Msmvosd)
    
    #加入capm 的收益:
    y55<-filter(y5,Trdmnt>=(199501+h+100*i),Trdmnt<(199801+h+100*i))
    # 筛选出上市时期不大于5年窗口期第一个交易日的股票
    y55<-filter(y55,List<=min(y55$Trdmnt))
    dd<-group_by(y55,Stkcd)%>%filter(n()>=24)%>%summarise(β=as.matrix(lm(eMretwd~ecm)$coefficients)[2])%>%filter(β!="NA")
    y7<-left_join(y6,dd,by="Stkcd")%>%filter(β!="NA")%>%mutate(eMretwd=eMretwd-ecm*β)
    
    a0d1[i*12+(h+1)]=mean(inner_join(y7,slice(d,1:(n()/5)),by="Stkcd")$eMretwd)
    a1d1[i*12+(h+1)]=mean(inner_join(y7,slice(d,(n()/5*1+1):(n()/5*(1+1))),by="Stkcd")$eMretwd)
    a2d1[i*12+(h+1)]=mean(inner_join(y7,slice(d,(n()/5*2+1):(n()/5*(2+1))),by="Stkcd")$eMretwd)
    a3d1[i*12+(h+1)]=mean(inner_join(y7,slice(d,(n()/5*3+1):(n()/5*(3+1))),by="Stkcd")$eMretwd)
    a4d1[i*12+(h+1)]=mean(inner_join(y7,slice(d,(n()/5*4+1):(n()/5*(4+1))),by="Stkcd")$eMretwd)
    
    a0d2[i*12+(h+1)]=weighted.mean(inner_join(y7,slice(d,1:(n()/5)),by="Stkcd")$eMretwd,inner_join(y7,slice(d,1:(n()/5)),by="Stkcd")$Msmvosd)
    a1d2[i*12+(h+1)]=weighted.mean(inner_join(y7,slice(d,(n()/5*1+1):(n()/5*(1+1))),by="Stkcd")$eMretwd,inner_join(y7,slice(d,(n()/5*1+1):(n()/5*(1+1))),by="Stkcd")$Msmvosd)
    a2d2[i*12+(h+1)]=weighted.mean(inner_join(y7,slice(d,(n()/5*2+1):(n()/5*(2+1))),by="Stkcd")$eMretwd,inner_join(y7,slice(d,(n()/5*2+1):(n()/5*(2+1))),by="Stkcd")$Msmvosd)
    a3d2[i*12+(h+1)]=weighted.mean(inner_join(y7,slice(d,(n()/5*3+1):(n()/5*(3+1))),by="Stkcd")$eMretwd,inner_join(y7,slice(d,(n()/5*3+1):(n()/5*(3+1))),by="Stkcd")$Msmvosd)
    a4d2[i*12+(h+1)]=weighted.mean(inner_join(y7,slice(d,(n()/5*4+1):(n()/5*(4+1))),by="Stkcd")$eMretwd,inner_join(y7,slice(d,(n()/5*4+1):(n()/5*(4+1))),by="Stkcd")$Msmvosd)
    
    #FF3因子的结果:
    y8<-left_join(y55,sy,by="Trdmnt")
    ddd<-group_by(y8,Stkcd)%>%filter(n()>=24)%>%summarise(β=as.matrix(lm(eMretwd~mkt+smb+hml)$coefficients)[2],
                                                           SMB=as.matrix(lm(eMretwd~mkt+smb+hml)$coefficients)[3],
                                                           HML=as.matrix(lm(eMretwd~mkt+smb+hml)$coefficients)[4])
    ddd1<-filter(ddd,β!="NA",SMB!="NA",HML!="NA")
    y8<-left_join(y6,sy,by="Trdmnt")
    y9<-left_join(y8,ddd1,by="Stkcd")%>%filter(β!="NA",SMB!="NA",HML!="NA")
    y10<-mutate(y9,eMretwd=eMretwd-mkt*β-smb*SMB-hml*HML)
    
    a0e1[i*12+(h+1)]=mean(inner_join(y10,slice(d,1:(n()/5)),by="Stkcd")$eMretwd)
    a1e1[i*12+(h+1)]=mean(inner_join(y10,slice(d,(n()/5*1+1):(n()/5*(1+1))),by="Stkcd")$eMretwd)
    a2e1[i*12+(h+1)]=mean(inner_join(y10,slice(d,(n()/5*2+1):(n()/5*(2+1))),by="Stkcd")$eMretwd)
    a3e1[i*12+(h+1)]=mean(inner_join(y10,slice(d,(n()/5*3+1):(n()/5*(3+1))),by="Stkcd")$eMretwd)
    a4e1[i*12+(h+1)]=mean(inner_join(y10,slice(d,(n()/5*4+1):(n()/5*(4+1))),by="Stkcd")$eMretwd)
    
    a0e2[i*12+(h+1)]=weighted.mean(inner_join(y10,slice(d,1:(n()/5)),by="Stkcd")$eMretwd,inner_join(y10,slice(d,1:(n()/5)),by="Stkcd")$Msmvosd)
    a1e2[i*12+(h+1)]=weighted.mean(inner_join(y10,slice(d,(n()/5*1+1):(n()/5*(1+1))),by="Stkcd")$eMretwd,inner_join(y10,slice(d,(n()/5*1+1):(n()/5*(1+1))),by="Stkcd")$Msmvosd)
    a2e2[i*12+(h+1)]=weighted.mean(inner_join(y10,slice(d,(n()/5*2+1):(n()/5*(2+1))),by="Stkcd")$eMretwd,inner_join(y10,slice(d,(n()/5*2+1):(n()/5*(2+1))),by="Stkcd")$Msmvosd)
    a3e2[i*12+(h+1)]=weighted.mean(inner_join(y10,slice(d,(n()/5*3+1):(n()/5*(3+1))),by="Stkcd")$eMretwd,inner_join(y10,slice(d,(n()/5*3+1):(n()/5*(3+1))),by="Stkcd")$Msmvosd)
    a4e2[i*12+(h+1)]=weighted.mean(inner_join(y10,slice(d,(n()/5*4+1):(n()/5*(4+1))),by="Stkcd")$eMretwd,inner_join(y10,slice(d,(n()/5*4+1):(n()/5*(4+1))),by="Stkcd")$Msmvosd)
    
    #FF5因子的结果:
    yy8<-left_join(y55,wy,by="Trdmnt")
    ddd2<-group_by(yy8,Stkcd)%>%filter(n()>=24)%>%summarise(α=as.matrix(lm(eMretwd~mkt+smb+hml+rmw+cma)$coefficients)[1],
                                                             β=as.matrix(lm(eMretwd~mkt+smb+hml+rmw+cma)$coefficients)[2],
                                                             SMB=as.matrix(lm(eMretwd~mkt+smb+hml+rmw+cma)$coefficients)[3],
                                                             HML=as.matrix(lm(eMretwd~mkt+smb+hml+rmw+cma)$coefficients)[4],
                                                             RMW=as.matrix(lm(eMretwd~mkt+smb+hml+rmw+cma)$coefficients)[5],
                                                             CMA=as.matrix(lm(eMretwd~mkt+smb+hml+rmw+cma)$coefficients)[6])
    ddd3<-filter(ddd2,β!="NA",SMB!="NA",HML!="NA",RMW!="NA",CMA!="NA")
    yy8<-left_join(y6,wy,by="Trdmnt")
    yy9<-left_join(yy8,ddd3,by="Stkcd")%>%filter(β!="NA",SMB!="NA",HML!="NA",RMW!="NA",CMA!="NA")
    yy10<-mutate(yy9,eMretwd=eMretwd-mkt*β-smb*SMB-hml*HML-rmw*RMW-cma*CMA)%>%select(1:8)
    
    a0g1[i*12+(h+1)]=mean(inner_join(yy10,slice(d,1:(n()/5)),by="Stkcd")$eMretwd)
    a1g1[i*12+(h+1)]=mean(inner_join(yy10,slice(d,(n()/5*1+1):(n()/5*(1+1))),by="Stkcd")$eMretwd)
    a2g1[i*12+(h+1)]=mean(inner_join(yy10,slice(d,(n()/5*2+1):(n()/5*(2+1))),by="Stkcd")$eMretwd)
    a3g1[i*12+(h+1)]=mean(inner_join(yy10,slice(d,(n()/5*3+1):(n()/5*(3+1))),by="Stkcd")$eMretwd)
    a4g1[i*12+(h+1)]=mean(inner_join(yy10,slice(d,(n()/5*4+1):(n()/5*(4+1))),by="Stkcd")$eMretwd)
    
    a0g2[i*12+(h+1)]=weighted.mean(inner_join(yy10,slice(d,1:(n()/5)),by="Stkcd")$eMretwd,inner_join(yy10,slice(d,1:(n()/5)),by="Stkcd")$Msmvosd)
    a1g2[i*12+(h+1)]=weighted.mean(inner_join(yy10,slice(d,(n()/5*1+1):(n()/5*(1+1))),by="Stkcd")$eMretwd,inner_join(yy10,slice(d,(n()/5*1+1):(n()/5*(1+1))),by="Stkcd")$Msmvosd)
    a2g2[i*12+(h+1)]=weighted.mean(inner_join(yy10,slice(d,(n()/5*2+1):(n()/5*(2+1))),by="Stkcd")$eMretwd,inner_join(yy10,slice(d,(n()/5*2+1):(n()/5*(2+1))),by="Stkcd")$Msmvosd)
    a3g2[i*12+(h+1)]=weighted.mean(inner_join(yy10,slice(d,(n()/5*3+1):(n()/5*(3+1))),by="Stkcd")$eMretwd,inner_join(yy10,slice(d,(n()/5*3+1):(n()/5*(3+1))),by="Stkcd")$Msmvosd)
    a4g2[i*12+(h+1)]=weighted.mean(inner_join(yy10,slice(d,(n()/5*4+1):(n()/5*(4+1))),by="Stkcd")$eMretwd,inner_join(yy10,slice(d,(n()/5*4+1):(n()/5*(4+1))),by="Stkcd")$Msmvosd)
    
    ###根据月末流通市值排序大小:
    ms<-max(slice(group_by(arrange(y55,Trdmnt),Stkcd),n())$Trdmnt)
    y11<-filter(y5,Trdmnt==ms)%>%select(1,3)
    y12<-left_join(d,y11,by="Stkcd")%>%filter(Msmvosd!="NA")%>%arrange(Msmvosd)
    
    for(l in 0:4){
      a0f1[[l+1]][i*12+(h+1)]=mean(inner_join(yy10,select(slice(arrange(slice(y12,(n()/5*l+1):(n()/5*(l+1))),desc()),(n()/5*0+1):(n()/5*(0+1))),-Msmvosd),by="Stkcd")$eMretwd)
      a1f1[[l+1]][i*12+(h+1)]=mean(inner_join(yy10,select(slice(arrange(slice(y12,(n()/5*l+1):(n()/5*(l+1))),desc()),(n()/5*1+1):(n()/5*(1+1))),-Msmvosd),by="Stkcd")$eMretwd)
      a2f1[[l+1]][i*12+(h+1)]=mean(inner_join(yy10,select(slice(arrange(slice(y12,(n()/5*l+1):(n()/5*(l+1))),desc()),(n()/5*2+1):(n()/5*(2+1))),-Msmvosd),by="Stkcd")$eMretwd)
      a3f1[[l+1]][i*12+(h+1)]=mean(inner_join(yy10,select(slice(arrange(slice(y12,(n()/5*l+1):(n()/5*(l+1))),desc()),(n()/5*3+1):(n()/5*(3+1))),-Msmvosd),by="Stkcd")$eMretwd)
      a4f1[[l+1]][i*12+(h+1)]=mean(inner_join(yy10,select(slice(arrange(slice(y12,(n()/5*l+1):(n()/5*(l+1))),desc()),(n()/5*4+1):(n()/5*(4+1))),-Msmvosd),by="Stkcd")$eMretwd)
      
      a0f2[[l+1]][i*12+(h+1)]=weighted.mean(inner_join(yy10,select(slice(arrange(slice(y12,(n()/5*l+1):(n()/5*(l+1))),desc()),(n()/5*0+1):(n()/5*(0+1))),-Msmvosd),by="Stkcd")$eMretwd,
                                            inner_join(yy10,select(slice(arrange(slice(y12,(n()/5*l+1):(n()/5*(l+1))),desc()),(n()/5*0+1):(n()/5*(0+1))),-Msmvosd),by="Stkcd")$Msmvosd)
      a1f2[[l+1]][i*12+(h+1)]=weighted.mean(inner_join(yy10,select(slice(arrange(slice(y12,(n()/5*l+1):(n()/5*(l+1))),desc()),(n()/5*1+1):(n()/5*(1+1))),-Msmvosd),by="Stkcd")$eMretwd,
                                            inner_join(yy10,select(slice(arrange(slice(y12,(n()/5*l+1):(n()/5*(l+1))),desc()),(n()/5*1+1):(n()/5*(1+1))),-Msmvosd),by="Stkcd")$Msmvosd)
      a2f2[[l+1]][i*12+(h+1)]=weighted.mean(inner_join(yy10,select(slice(arrange(slice(y12,(n()/5*l+1):(n()/5*(l+1))),desc()),(n()/5*2+1):(n()/5*(2+1))),-Msmvosd),by="Stkcd")$eMretwd,
                                            inner_join(yy10,select(slice(arrange(slice(y12,(n()/5*l+1):(n()/5*(l+1))),desc()),(n()/5*2+1):(n()/5*(2+1))),-Msmvosd),by="Stkcd")$Msmvosd)
      a3f2[[l+1]][i*12+(h+1)]=weighted.mean(inner_join(yy10,select(slice(arrange(slice(y12,(n()/5*l+1):(n()/5*(l+1))),desc()),(n()/5*3+1):(n()/5*(3+1))),-Msmvosd),by="Stkcd")$eMretwd,
                                            inner_join(yy10,select(slice(arrange(slice(y12,(n()/5*l+1):(n()/5*(l+1))),desc()),(n()/5*3+1):(n()/5*(3+1))),-Msmvosd),by="Stkcd")$Msmvosd)
      a4f2[[l+1]][i*12+(h+1)]=weighted.mean(inner_join(yy10,select(slice(arrange(slice(y12,(n()/5*l+1):(n()/5*(l+1))),desc()),(n()/5*4+1):(n()/5*(4+1))),-Msmvosd),by="Stkcd")$eMretwd,
                                            inner_join(yy10,select(slice(arrange(slice(y12,(n()/5*l+1):(n()/5*(l+1))),desc()),(n()/5*4+1):(n()/5*(4+1))),-Msmvosd),by="Stkcd")$Msmvosd)}}}
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VaR(Value at Risk)是一种常用的风险测度方法,通常用于金融领域对市场风险测度与管理。利用VaR对股票收益率进行预测的相关文献较为丰富,以下是一些相关文献综述: 1. "Value at Risk and Expected Tail Loss: Estimating the Extremes of Stock Returns",作者为Glen McLeod和William Remus,发表于2002年。该文献介绍了利用VaR和Expected Tail Loss(ETL)对股票收益率进行预测的方法,并对比了两种方法的优劣。 2. "Forecasting Stock Market Returns by Combining Forecasts from Different Methods",作者为Antonio Rubia和Trino-Manuel Ñíguez,发表于2010年。该文献提出了一种基于VaR的预测方法,通过将来自不同方法的预测结果进行组合,提高了预测的准确性。 3. "Modeling and Forecasting the Volatility of the S&P 100 Index using GARCH Models and Value-at-Risk",作者为Jin Zhang和Haiming Liu,发表于2016年。该文献利用GARCH模型和VaR方法对S&P 100指数的波动率进行建模和预测,并探讨了VaR在预测中的应用。 4. "A Comparison of VaR Estimation Methods for Stock Market Returns",作者为Kathleen M. Auerbach和David R. Peterson,发表于2004年。该文献比较了不同的VaR估计方法在股票收益率预测中的表现,并提供了一种基于Monte Carlo模拟的VaR估计方法。 5. "Value-at-Risk Estimation and Forecasting with the Generalized Autoregressive Score Model: Evidence from Emerging and Developed Stock Markets",作者为Hernando Vargas,发表于2006年。该文献利用广义自回归得分模型(GAS模型)和VaR方法对新兴市场和发达市场的股票收益率进行预测,结果表明该方法在预测上的表现优于其他方法。 总之,利用VaR对股票收益率进行预测的方法具有一定的实用性和优越性,但在具体应用中需要结合实际情况选择合适的VaR估计方法和模型。
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