多线程与高并发--《Volatile、Cas、ReentrantLock、AQS下的部分类联合讲解》

一、volatile作用

  • 保证线程可见性:堆内存是所有线程共享里面的内存,除此之外,每个线程都有自己的专属区域,如果共享内存里有一个值,当我们线程要去访问这个值,会将这个值copy一份当自己的工作空间,对这个值进行改变。改完之后马上写回去,但什么时候去检查有没有新的值无法控制。加了volatile就可以保证线程里面发生的改变在线程之间是可见的。底层是采用了MESI缓存一致性协议。
  • 禁止指令重排序:cpu为了提升效率,执行一条指令会并发的执行,每次写都会被线程度读到,加了volatile,cpu就会按着顺序一步一步的执行(CPU层面是加了读屏障和写屏障)。

二、简单理解锁优化

  • 最简单的锁力度变细或者锁力度变粗,锁力度变细的意思就是加锁代码(业务代码)少一点,锁力度变粗反之,正常情况syn征用不是很剧烈的前提粒度小一些,不排除在同一块方法中加了多个syn,这种可以选择变粗,减少锁的征用。

三、cas(compareAndSwap/compareAndSet)

  • 无锁优化(自旋锁)
    • Atomic开头的类(原子的),内部实现就是带锁的但并不是syn重量级锁,而是用cas来操作的,cas实现方法有三个参数cas(value,expected,newValue),附上伪代码
      if v== expected
      v = newValue
      otherWise try again or fail
      
    • ABA问题:Atomic保证了原子性,但会出现ABA问题,即我拿到了1,想变成2,1用cas操作,期望值是1准备变成2,过程中有一个线程把1变成2又变回1,中间值改过但是结果没变,不会影响cas,这就是ABA问题,解决ABA问题可以增加一个版本号,AtomicStampedReference这个类是可以解决ABA问题的。

四、ReentrantLock

  • 概念介绍:可重入锁,syn也是可重入的,可重入的概念是我锁了一下还可以对同样的这把锁在锁一下
/**
 * reentrantlock用于替代synchronized
 * 本例中由于m1锁定this,只有m1执行完毕的时候,m2才能执行
 */
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
public class ReentrantLock1 {
	synchronized void m1() {
		for(int i=0; i<10; i++) {
			try {
				TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1);
			} catch (InterruptedException e) {
				e.printStackTrace();
			}
			System.out.println(i);
			if(i == 2) m2();
		}
	}
	synchronized void m2() {
		System.out.println("m2 ...");
	}
	
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		ReentrantLock1 rl = new ReentrantLock1 ();
		new Thread(rl::m1).start();
		try {
			TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1);
		} catch (InterruptedException e) {
			e.printStackTrace();
		}
		//new Thread(rl::m2).start();
	}
}
  • ReentrantLock可以替代syn,原来syn的地方替换成lock.lock();,结束后lock.unlock();解锁,这是因为syn是自动解锁,ReentrantLock必须放在try-finally中代码如下:
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;

public class ReentrantLock2 {
	Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();

	void m1() {
		try {
			lock.lock(); //synchronized(this)
			for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
				TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1);

				System.out.println(i);
			}
		} catch (InterruptedException e) {
			e.printStackTrace();
		} finally {
			lock.unlock();
		}
	}

	void m2() {
		try {
			lock.lock();
			System.out.println("m2 ...");
		} finally {
			lock.unlock();
		}

	}

	public static void main(String[] args) {
		ReentrantLock2 rl = new ReentrantLock2 ();
		new Thread(rl::m1).start();
		try {
			TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1);
		} catch (InterruptedException e) {
			e.printStackTrace();
		}
		new Thread(rl::m2).start();
	}
}
  • ReentrantLock方法介绍与syn对
    • tryLock(),进行尝试锁定,不论锁定与否都将继续执行下面代码。
    • lockInterruptibly();对interrupt()方法做出了响应,可以被打断的锁,t1线程使用lockInterruptibly(),t2线程中可以interrupt()打断:源码附上
       /**
           * Acquires in exclusive mode, aborting if interrupted.
           * Implemented by first checking interrupt status, then invoking
           * at least once {@link #tryAcquire}, returning on
           * success.  Otherwise the thread is queued, possibly repeatedly
           * blocking and unblocking, invoking {@link #tryAcquire}
           * until success or the thread is interrupted.  This method can be
           * used to implement method {@link Lock#lockInterruptibly}.
           *
           * @param arg the acquire argument.  This value is conveyed to
           *        {@link #tryAcquire} but is otherwise uninterpreted and
           *        can represent anything you like.
           * @throws InterruptedException if the current thread is interrupted
           */
          public final void acquireInterruptibly(int arg)
                  throws InterruptedException {
              if (Thread.interrupted())
                  throw new InterruptedException();
              if (!tryAcquire(arg))
                  doAcquireInterruptibly(arg);
          }
      
    • 还可以指定公平非公平,默认是非公平的,效率大概是公平的5-10倍(没试过,看别人说的),参数为true就是公平的,即线程会先检查队列中有没有原来等着的,如果有就先进入队列等待别人先运行。

五、CountDownLatch
源码中的一段话这么说的A synchronization aid that allows one or more threads to wait until.a set of operations being performed in other threads completes.一种同步辅助工具,允许一个或多个线程等待。在其他线程中执行的一组操作完成。

  • 他的功能和join类似,但是可以控制的更精确,new100个线程,100个数量的CountDownLatch,每一次线程结束,latch.countDown();,然后线程start, 然后latch.await();执行countDown会减一,执行到await时候会等待,减到0之后就会打开这个“栓”,执行后面代码
import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;

public class TestCountDownLatch {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        usingJoin();
        usingCountDownLatch();
    }

    private static void usingCountDownLatch() {
        Thread[] threads = new Thread[100];
        CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(threads.length);

        for(int i=0; i<threads.length; i++) {
            threads[i] = new Thread(()->{
                int result = 0;
                for(int j=0; j<10000; j++) result += j;
                latch.countDown();
            });
        }

        for (int i = 0; i < threads.length; i++) {
            threads[i].start();
        }

        try {
            latch.await();
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }

        System.out.println("end latch");
    }

    private static void usingJoin() {
        Thread[] threads = new Thread[100];

        for(int i=0; i<threads.length; i++) {
            threads[i] = new Thread(()->{
                int result = 0;
                for(int j=0; j<10000; j++) result += j;
            });
        }

        for (int i = 0; i < threads.length; i++) {
            threads[i].start();
        }

        for (int i = 0; i < threads.length; i++) {
            try {
                threads[i].join();
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
        }

        System.out.println("end join");
    }
}

六、CyclicBarrier
源码注释: A synchronization aid that allows a set of threads to all wait for each other to reach a common barrier point. CyclicBarriers are useful in programs involving a fixed sized party of threads that must occasionally wait for each other. The barrier is called cyclic because it can be re-used after the waiting threads
are released.

  • 用法:可以传两个参数,第二个可以不传,第一个参数表示满了之后调用第二个参数的动作,到了第一个参数的数量,await才会放开执行,一般可以运用在访问数据库,访问网络,访问文件,可以顺序执行,效率低,可以用CyclicBarrier并发执行,全部完毕了在就进行接下来操作。
    
    import java.util.concurrent.BrokenBarrierException;
    import java.util.concurrent.CyclicBarrier;
    
    public class  TestCyclicBarrier {
        public static void main(String[] args) {
            //CyclicBarrier barrier = new CyclicBarrier(20);
    
            CyclicBarrier barrier = new CyclicBarrier(20, () -> System.out.println("满人"));
    
            /*CyclicBarrier barrier = new CyclicBarrier(20, new Runnable() {
                @Override
                public void run() {
                    System.out.println("满人,发车");
                }
            });*/
    
            for(int i=0; i<100; i++) {
    
                    new Thread(()->{
                        try {
                            barrier.await();
    
                        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                            e.printStackTrace();
                        } catch (BrokenBarrierException e) {
                            e.printStackTrace();
                        }
                    }).start();
                
            }
        }
    }
    

七、Phaser

  • 类似CountDownLatch和CyclicBarrier结合,是一个分阶段的“栅栏”。
  • 按照不同的阶段来对线程进行执行,本身维护着一个阶段这样的一个成员变量,当前我执行到那个阶段,第0个或者第1个等等。每个阶段不同的时候这个线程都可以往前走,有的线程走到了某个阶段就停了,有的会一直到结束,程序中分好几个阶段,且有的比得多个共同参与时可以用到。下面是模拟代码:
    • 代码中phaser.bulkRegister(7);方法给定一个数量

import java.util.Random;
import java.util.concurrent.Phaser;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;

public class TestPhaser {
    static Random r = new Random();
    static MarriagePhaser phaser = new MarriagePhaser();


    static void milliSleep(int milli) {
        try {
            TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(milli);
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {

        phaser.bulkRegister(7);

        for(int i=0; i<5; i++) {

            new Thread(new Person("p" + i)).start();
        }

        new Thread(new Person("新郎")).start();
        new Thread(new Person("新娘")).start();

    }



    static class MarriagePhaser extends Phaser {
        @Override
        protected boolean onAdvance(int phase, int registeredParties) {

            switch (phase) {
                case 0:
                    System.out.println("所有人到齐了!" + registeredParties);
                    System.out.println();
                    return false;
                case 1:
                    System.out.println("所有人吃完了!" + registeredParties);
                    System.out.println();
                    return false;
                case 2:
                    System.out.println("所有人离开了!" + registeredParties);
                    System.out.println();
                    return false;
                case 3:
                    System.out.println("婚礼结束!新郎新娘抱抱!" + registeredParties);
                    return true;
                default:
                    return true;
            }
        }
    }


    static class Person implements Runnable {
        String name;

        public Person(String name) {
            this.name = name;
        }

        public void arrive() {

            milliSleep(r.nextInt(1000));
            System.out.printf("%s 到达现场!\n", name);
            phaser.arriveAndAwaitAdvance();
        }

        public void eat() {
            milliSleep(r.nextInt(1000));
            System.out.printf("%s 吃完!\n", name);
            phaser.arriveAndAwaitAdvance();
        }

        public void leave() {
            milliSleep(r.nextInt(1000));
            System.out.printf("%s 离开!\n", name);


            phaser.arriveAndAwaitAdvance();
        }

        private void hug() {
            if(name.equals("新郎") || name.equals("新娘")) {
                milliSleep(r.nextInt(1000));
                System.out.printf("%s 洞房!\n", name);
                phaser.arriveAndAwaitAdvance();
            } else {
                phaser.arriveAndDeregister();
                //phaser.register()
            }
        }

        @Override
        public void run() {
            arrive();
            eat();
            leave();
            hug();
        }
    }
}

八、ReadWriteLock

  • 读写锁(共享锁和排它锁),读锁就是共享,写锁就是排他
  • 读锁之间是不加锁的(读与读),写锁之间是加锁的(读与写,写与写)
    • 下面代码中测试了ReentrantLock和ReadWriteLock,如果使用ReentrantLock,这把锁加上其他任何线程都拿不到,每个线程执行需1s,大概要20s。而 ReadWriteLock分出两把锁readLock和writeLock,读线程是可以一起读的,18个线程大概1s就可以完成,提高了性能。
    import java.util.Random;
    import java.util.concurrent.atomic.LongAdder;
    import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
    import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReadWriteLock;
    import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
    import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantReadWriteLock;
    
    public class TestReadWriteLock {
        static Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();
        private static int value;
    
        static ReadWriteLock readWriteLock = new ReentrantReadWriteLock();
        static Lock readLock = readWriteLock.readLock();
        static Lock writeLock = readWriteLock.writeLock();
    
        public static void read(Lock lock) {
            try {
                lock.lock();
                Thread.sleep(1000);
                System.out.println("read over!");
                //模拟读取操作
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            } finally {
                lock.unlock();
            }
        }
    
        public static void write(Lock lock, int v) {
            try {
                lock.lock();
                Thread.sleep(1000);
                value = v;
                System.out.println("write over!");
                //模拟写操作
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            } finally {
                lock.unlock();
            }
        }
    
    
    
    
    
        public static void main(String[] args) {
            //Runnable readR = ()-> read(lock);
            Runnable readR = ()-> read(readLock);
    
            //Runnable writeR = ()->write(lock, new Random().nextInt());
            Runnable writeR = ()->write(writeLock, new Random().nextInt());
    
            for(int i=0; i<18; i++) new Thread(readR).start();
            for(int i=0; i<2; i++) new Thread(writeR).start();
    
    
        }
    }
    
    

九、Semaphore

  • 信号灯,可同时控制几个线程执行,限流(最多有几个线程同时运行)。acquire获取锁,release释放锁。Semaphore也可设置为公平。
    import java.util.concurrent.Semaphore;
    
    public class TestSemaphore {
        public static void main(String[] args) {
            //Semaphore s = new Semaphore(2);
            Semaphore s = new Semaphore(2, true);
            //允许一个线程同时执行
            //Semaphore s = new Semaphore(1);
    
            new Thread(()->{
                try {
                    s.acquire();
    
                    System.out.println("T1 running...");
                    Thread.sleep(200);
                    System.out.println("T1 running...");
    
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                } finally {
                    s.release();
                }
            }).start();
    
            new Thread(()->{
                try {
                    s.acquire();
    
                    System.out.println("T2 running...");
                    Thread.sleep(200);
                    System.out.println("T2 running...");
    
                    s.release();
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }).start();
        }
    }
    

十、Exchanger

  • 交换器,两个线程之间交换数据,具体场景例如游戏中的交换装备。

    • 第一个线程执行到 exchanger.exchange(s);,阻塞,第二个线程执行到 exchanger.exchange(s);也仍了一个值进去,交换,两个线程继续执行。
    
    import java.util.concurrent.Exchanger;
    
    public class TestExchanger {
    
        static Exchanger<String> exchanger = new Exchanger<>();
    
        public static void main(String[] args) {
            new Thread(()->{
                String s = "T1";
                try {
                    s = exchanger.exchange(s);
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
                System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " " + s);
    
            }, "t1").start();
    
    
            new Thread(()->{
                String s = "T2";
                try {
                    s = exchanger.exchange(s);
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
                System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " " + s);
    
            }, "t2").start();
    
    
        }
    }
    
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