Why does sizeof(x++) not increment x?

原帖: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/8225776/why-does-sizeofx-not-increment-x

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Here is the code compiled in dev c++ windows:

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
    int x = 5;
    printf("%d and ", sizeof(x++)); // note 1
    printf("%d\n", x); // note 2
    return 0;
}

I expect x to be 6 after executing note 1. However, the output is:

4 and 5

Can anyone explain why x does not increment after note 1?

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From the C99 Standard (the emphasis is mine)

6.5.3.4/2

The sizeof operator yields the size (in bytes) of its operand, which may be an expression or the parenthesized name of a type. The size is determined from the type of the operand. The result is an integer. If the type of the operand is a variable length array type, the operand is evaluated; otherwise, the operand is not evaluated and the result is an integer constant.

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sizeof is a compile-time operator, so at the time of compilation sizeof and its operand get replaced by the result value. The operand is not evaluated (except when it is a variable length array) at all; only the type of the result matters.

short func(short x) {  // this function never gets called !!
   printf("%d", x);    // this print never happens
   return x;
}

int main() {
   printf("%d", sizeof(func(3))); // all that matters to sizeof is the 
                                  // return type of the function.
   return 0;
}

Output:

2

as short occupies 2 bytes on my machine.

Changing the return type of the function to double:

double func(short x) {
// rest all same

will give 8 as output.

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sizeof(foo) tries really hard to discover the size of an expression at compile time:

6.5.3.4:

The sizeof operator yields the size (in bytes) of its operand, which may be an expression or the parenthesized name of a type. The size is determined from the type of the operand. The result is an integer. If the type of the operand is a variable length array type, the operand is evaluated; otherwise, the operand is not evaluated and the result is an integer constant.

In short: variable length arrays, run at runtime. (Note: Variable Length Arrays are a specific feature -- not arrays allocated with malloc(3).) Otherwise, only the type of the expression is computed, and that at compile time.

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sizeof is a compile-time builtin operator and is not a function. This becomes very clear in the cases you can use it without the parenthesis:

(sizeof x)  //this also works

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The execution cannot happen during compilation. So  ++i / i++  will not happen. Also  sizeof(foo())  will not execute the function but return correct type.

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As the operand of sizeof operator is not evaluated, you can do this:

int f(); //no definition, which means we cannot call it

int main(void) {
        printf("%d", sizeof(f()) );  //no linker error
        return 0;
}

Online demo : http://ideone.com/S8e2Y

That is, you don't need define the function f if it is used in sizeof only. This technique is mostly used in C++ template metaprogramming, as even in C++, the operand of sizeof is not evaluated.

Why does this work? It works because the sizeof operator doesn't operate on value, instead it operates ontype of the expression. So when you write sizeof(f()), it operates on the type of the expression f(), and which is nothing but the return type of the function f. The return type is always same, no matter what value the function would return if it actually executes.

In C++, you can even this:

struct A
{
  A(); //no definition, which means we cannot create instance!
  int f(); //no definition, which means we cannot call it
};

int main() {
        std::cout << sizeof(A().f())<< std::endl;
        return 0;
}

Yet it looks like, in sizeof, I'm first creating an instance of A, by writing A(), and then calling the function fon the instance, by writing A().f(), but no such thing happens.

Demo : http://ideone.com/egPMi

Here is another topic which explains some other interesting properties of sizeof:

• sizeof taking two arguments

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原帖: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/8225776/why-does-sizeofx-not-increment-x

===============================================================================================================================

Here is the code compiled in dev c++ windows:

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
    int x = 5;
    printf("%d and ", sizeof(x++)); // note 1
    printf("%d\n", x); // note 2
    return 0;
}

I expect x to be 6 after executing note 1. However, the output is:

4 and 5

Can anyone explain why x does not increment after note 1?

===============================================================================================================================

From the C99 Standard (the emphasis is mine)

6.5.3.4/2

The sizeof operator yields the size (in bytes) of its operand, which may be an expression or the parenthesized name of a type. The size is determined from the type of the operand. The result is an integer. If the type of the operand is a variable length array type, the operand is evaluated; otherwise, the operand is not evaluated and the result is an integer constant.

===============================================================================================================================

sizeof is a compile-time operator, so at the time of compilation sizeof and its operand get replaced by the result value. The operand is not evaluated (except when it is a variable length array) at all; only the type of the result matters.

short func(short x) {  // this function never gets called !!
   printf("%d", x);    // this print never happens
   return x;
}

int main() {
   printf("%d", sizeof(func(3))); // all that matters to sizeof is the 
                                  // return type of the function.
   return 0;
}

Output:

2

as short occupies 2 bytes on my machine.

Changing the return type of the function to double:

double func(short x) {
// rest all same

will give 8 as output.

===============================================================================================================================

sizeof(foo) tries really hard to discover the size of an expression at compile time:

6.5.3.4:

The sizeof operator yields the size (in bytes) of its operand, which may be an expression or the parenthesized name of a type. The size is determined from the type of the operand. The result is an integer. If the type of the operand is a variable length array type, the operand is evaluated; otherwise, the operand is not evaluated and the result is an integer constant.

In short: variable length arrays, run at runtime. (Note: Variable Length Arrays are a specific feature -- not arrays allocated with malloc(3).) Otherwise, only the type of the expression is computed, and that at compile time.

===============================================================================================================================

sizeof is a compile-time builtin operator and is not a function. This becomes very clear in the cases you can use it without the parenthesis:

(sizeof x)  //this also works

===============================================================================================================================

The execution cannot happen during compilation. So  ++i / i++  will not happen. Also  sizeof(foo())  will not execute the function but return correct type.

===============================================================================================================================

As the operand of sizeof operator is not evaluated, you can do this:

int f(); //no definition, which means we cannot call it

int main(void) {
        printf("%d", sizeof(f()) );  //no linker error
        return 0;
}

Online demo : http://ideone.com/S8e2Y

That is, you don't need define the function f if it is used in sizeof only. This technique is mostly used in C++ template metaprogramming, as even in C++, the operand of sizeof is not evaluated.

Why does this work? It works because the sizeof operator doesn't operate on value, instead it operates ontype of the expression. So when you write sizeof(f()), it operates on the type of the expression f(), and which is nothing but the return type of the function f. The return type is always same, no matter what value the function would return if it actually executes.

In C++, you can even this:

struct A
{
  A(); //no definition, which means we cannot create instance!
  int f(); //no definition, which means we cannot call it
};

int main() {
        std::cout << sizeof(A().f())<< std::endl;
        return 0;
}

Yet it looks like, in sizeof, I'm first creating an instance of A, by writing A(), and then calling the function fon the instance, by writing A().f(), but no such thing happens.

Demo : http://ideone.com/egPMi

Here is another topic which explains some other interesting properties of sizeof:

• sizeof taking two arguments

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