Linux进程切换过程

进程切换的关键在于context_switch函数

static __always_inline struct rq *
context_switch(struct rq *rq, struct task_struct *prev,
         struct task_struct *next, struct rq_flags *rf)
{
  prepare_task_switch(rq, prev, next);

  arch_start_context_switch(prev);

  /*
   * kernel -> kernel   lazy + transfer active
   *   user -> kernel   lazy + mmgrab() active
   *
   * kernel ->   user   switch + mmdrop() active
   *   user ->   user   switch
   */
  if (!next->mm) {                                // to kernel
    enter_lazy_tlb(prev->active_mm, next);

    next->active_mm = prev->active_mm;
    if (prev->mm)                           // from user
      mmgrab(prev->active_mm);
    else
      prev->active_mm = NULL;
  } else {                                        // to user
    membarrier_switch_mm(rq, prev->active_mm, next->mm);
    switch_mm_irqs_off(prev->active_mm, next->mm, next);

    if (!prev->mm) {                        // from kernel
      /* will mmdrop() in finish_task_switch(). */
      rq->prev_mm = prev->active_mm;
      prev->active_mm = NULL;
    }
  }

  rq->clock_update_flags &= ~(RQCF_ACT_SKIP|RQCF_REQ_SKIP);

  prepare_lock_switch(rq, next, rf);

  /* Here we just switch the register state and the stack. */
  switch_to(prev, next, prev);
  barrier();

  return finish_task_switch(prev);
}

第一部分是为了进行地址空间的切换，第二部分则是为了切换寄存器和堆栈现场，即

ENTRY(__switch_to_asm)
  UNWIND_HINT_FUNC
  /*
   * Save callee-saved registers
   * This must match the order in inactive_task_frame
   */
  pushq  %rbp
  pushq  %rbx
  pushq  %r12
  pushq  %r13
  pushq  %r14
  pushq  %r15

  /* switch stack */
  movq  %rsp, TASK_threadsp(%rdi) // 保存旧进程的栈顶
  movq  TASK_threadsp(%rsi), %rsp // 恢复新进程的栈顶

  /* restore callee-saved registers */
  popq  %r15
  popq  %r14
  popq  %r13
  popq  %r12
  popq  %rbx
  popq  %rbp

  jmp  __switch_to
END(__switch_to_asm)

注意到此处的返回命令是jmp而不是ret，这是为了将ip寄存器恢复，在切换过程中正好将当前进程的ip寄存器通过call压栈，并通过ret返回了下一个进程的ip寄存器，完成了ip的保存与修改。