R语言笔记 | 数据标准化

R 标准化方法代码

这篇文章主要对 R 语言中标准化的代码进行了实践，包含手工计算的结果与使用 scale 函数计算的结果。对一个向量而言，标准化的公式为：
$$x_{scaled}=\frac{x-mean(x)}{sd(x)},$$
其中 $mean(x)$ 是 $x$ 的均值，$sd(x)$ 是 $x$ 的标准差。
对向量进行标准化：

X <- c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
scale(X); mean(X); sd(X)
# Results:
#            [,1]
# [1,] -1.3363062
# [2,] -0.8017837
# [3,] -0.2672612
# [4,]  0.2672612
# [5,]  0.8017837
# [6,]  1.3363062
# attr(,"scaled:center")
# [1] 3.5
# attr(,"scaled:scale")
# [1] 1.870829
# [1] 3.5
# [1] 1.870829

手动计算：

(X - mean(X))/sd(X)
# Results:
# [1] -1.3363062 -0.8017837 -0.2672612  0.2672612  0.8017837  1.3363062

矩阵按列标准化：

X <- matrix(seq(1, 9), 3, 3)
X_scaled <- apply(X, 2, scale)
X; X_scaled
# Results:
#      [,1] [,2] [,3]
# [1,]    1    4    7
# [2,]    2    5    8
# [3,]    3    6    9
#      [,1] [,2] [,3]
# [1,]   -1   -1   -1
# [2,]    0    0    0
# [3,]    1    1    1

手动计算：

X_mean <- apply(X, 2, mean)
X_sd  <- apply(X, 2, sd)
X_scaled <- t((t(X) - X_mean) / X_sd)
X_scaled
# Results:
#      [,1] [,2] [,3]
# [1,]   -1   -1   -1
# [2,]    0    0    0
# [3,]    1    1    1