CUDA并发相关（流并发、主机设备并发）

CUDA中下面的一些执行步骤能够互相异步并发执行：
主机上的计算
设备上的计算
主机到设备的数据传输
设备到主机的数据传输
一个设备中内存的数据传输
不同设备之间的数据传输

注意，上面的6个操作是互相之间能够并发，在每个单独项上是不能够并发的（除了第二项设备上可以通过流并发来进行设备上计算的并发），但并不是每个英伟达的显卡都支持上面所有的并发，因此使用之前需要查询显卡是否支持。

主机和设备之间的并发：
核函数的启动
一个设备内，内存的复制
从主机到设备复制的内存块大小小于等于64kb时
函数后缀上带有Async的内存复制
内存设置函数调用（比如将某块内存全部置零）
最后，可以通过将变量CUDA_LAUNCH_BLOCKING置1来将核函数的启动变成同步，这个特性只用于调试

核函数之间的并发：
在设备计算能力大于2.1时支持核函数的并发，这个特性可以通过查询变量concurrentKernels来知道，当这个变量为1时说明设备支持，另外需要注意以下几点：
一个cuda上下文中的核函数不能够和另一个cuda上下文中的核函数并行
当一个核函数中大量使用纹理或局部内存时，核函数之间能够并行的可能性就在降低

数据传输与核函数执行的并发：
通过查询变量asyncEngineCount来检查设备是否支持，当设备支持时其值应当大于0

数据传输并发（指数据从主机到设备和从设备到主机的并发）：
查询变量asyncEngineCount，支持时，其值应当等于2

流
前面的并发操作都是通过流来管理的：流与流之间可以并发，但流内部是有顺序的

流的同步：

//等待所有的流都执行完
cudaDeviceSynchronize()
//等待指定流中的任务全部执行完
cudaStreamSynchronize(cudaStream_t stream)
//某个流等待某个事件执行完再执行,下面的例子中使用了这个函数：需要注意的是这个函数也是非阻塞的
cudaStreamWaitEvent(cudaStream_t stream,cudaEvent_t event,unsigned int flags)
//查询某个流中的任务是否完成
cudaTreamQuery(cudaStream_t stream)

上面是流的显式同步，而隐式同步有以下几点：
如果主机线程中涉及到以下几点的话，那么两个流中的命令是无法同步的：
主机分配锁页内存
设备分配内存
将设备内存全部置成指定的值(原话是：a device memory set)
将两个地址的数据复制到同一个设备内存(原话是：a memory copy between two addresses to the same device memory)
任何附加到默认流中的命令

流中添加回调函数：
cudaStreamAddCallback(cudaStream_t stream,cudaStreamCallback_t callback,void *userdata,unsigned int flags)
需要注意的是第三个参数，是用户传递给回调函数的参数，cudaStreamCallback_t的定义：
typedef void (CUDART_CB cudaStreamCallback_t) (cudaStream_t stream,cudaError_t status,void userData)

流的优先级，流在创建时可以指定优先级：涉及的函数如下：
cudaStreamCreateWaitPriority()
cudaDeviceGetStreamPriorityRange()

事件：事件有两个作用：
第一个是记录某个流中某个操作的运行事件，创建时使用cudaEventCreate(cudaEvent_t *event),记录时间点：
cudaEventRecord(cudaEvent_t event,cudaStream_t stream),记录某个流下的时间点，由于是在主机上打印事件信息，因此主机需要等待事件完成，
因此还需要加上事件同步：cudaEventSynchronize(cudaEvent_t event),一个标准的事件记录：

cudaEvent_t start,end;
cudaEventCreate(&start)；
cudaEventCreate(&end)；
cudaEventRecord(start,stream)
//some stream operation
cudaEventRecord(end event,stream)
cudaEventSynchronize(end)
float elaspsedTime;
cudaEventElapsedTime(&elapsedTime,start,end);

第二个是作为一个标记，放在某个流操作的后面，标记这个流的该操作完成:
创建时使用:cudaEventCreateWithFlags(cudaEvent_t *event,unsigned int flags)
flags应该指定为cudaEventDisableTiming；flags还有其他值，请参考具体的手册

同步调用；相关函数:
cudaSetDeviceFlags(unsigned int flags):相见手册

核函数的并发执行，在下面需要注意的是，流与流之间通过事件来同步，即一个流等待另一个流执行完某个操作后再进行下一步操作，这时，创建事件时，应该使用：

checkCudaErrors(cudaEventCreateWithFlags(&(kernelEvent[i]), cudaEventDisableTiming));

使用时应该是：当前流等待上一个流运行后当前流再执行：

    for (int i=0; i<nkernels; ++i)
    {
        clock_block<<<1,1,0,streams[i]>>>(&d_a[i], time_clocks);
        total_clocks += time_clocks;
        checkCudaErrors(cudaEventRecord(kernelEvent[i], streams[i]));
        //make the last stream wait for the kernel event to be recorded
        checkCudaErrors(cudaStreamWaitEvent(streams[nstreams-1], kernelEvent[i],0));
    }

/*
 * Copyright 1993-2015 NVIDIA Corporation.  All rights reserved.
 *
 * Please refer to the NVIDIA end user license agreement (EULA) associated
 * with this source code for terms and conditions that govern your use of
 * this software. Any use, reproduction, disclosure, or distribution of
 * this software and related documentation outside the terms of the EULA
 * is strictly prohibited.
 *
 */

//
// This sample demonstrates the use of streams for concurrent execution. It also illustrates how to
// introduce dependencies between CUDA streams with the new cudaStreamWaitEvent function introduced
// in CUDA 3.2.
//
// Devices of compute capability 1.x will run the kernels one after another
// Devices of compute capability 2.0 or higher can overlap the kernels
//
#include <stdio.h>
#include <helper_functions.h>
#include <helper_cuda.h>

// This is a kernel that does no real work but runs at least for a specified number of clocks
__global__ void clock_block(clock_t *d_o, clock_t clock_count)
{
    unsigned int start_clock = (unsigned int) clock();

    clock_t clock_offset = 0;

    while (clock_offset < clock_count)
    {
        unsigned int end_clock = (unsigned int) clock();

        // The code below should work like
        // this (thanks to modular arithmetics):
        //
        // clock_offset = (clock_t) (end_clock > start_clock ?
        //                           end_clock - start_clock :
        //                           end_clock + (0xffffffffu - start_clock));
        //
        // Indeed, let m = 2^32 then
        // end - start = end + m - start (mod m).

        clock_offset = (clock_t)(end_clock - start_clock);
    }

    d_o[0] = clock_offset;
}


// Single warp reduction kernel
__global__ void sum(clock_t *d_clocks, int N)
{
    __shared__ clock_t s_clocks[32];

    clock_t my_sum = 0;

    for (int i = threadIdx.x; i < N; i+= blockDim.x)
    {
        my_sum += d_clocks[i];
    }

    s_clocks[threadIdx.x] = my_sum;
    syncthreads();

    for (int i=16; i>0; i/=2)
    {
        if (threadIdx.x < i)
        {
            s_clocks[threadIdx.x] += s_clocks[threadIdx.x + i];
        }

        syncthreads();
    }

    d_clocks[0] = s_clocks[0];
}

int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
    int nkernels = 8;               // number of concurrent kernels
    int nstreams = nkernels + 1;    // use one more stream than concurrent kernel
    int nbytes = nkernels * sizeof(clock_t);   // number of data bytes
    float kernel_time = 10; // time the kernel should run in ms
    float elapsed_time;   // timing variables
    int cuda_device = 0;

    printf("[%s] - Starting...\n", argv[0]);

    // get number of kernels if overridden on the command line
    if (checkCmdLineFlag(argc, (const char **)argv, "nkernels"))
    {
        nkernels = getCmdLineArgumentInt(argc, (const char **)argv, "nkernels");
        nstreams = nkernels + 1;
    }

    // use command-line specified CUDA device, otherwise use device with highest Gflops/s
    cuda_device = findCudaDevice(argc, (const char **)argv);

    cudaDeviceProp deviceProp;
    checkCudaErrors(cudaGetDevice(&cuda_device));

    checkCudaErrors(cudaGetDeviceProperties(&deviceProp, cuda_device));

    if ((deviceProp.concurrentKernels == 0))
    {
        printf("> GPU does not support concurrent kernel execution\n");
        printf("  CUDA kernel runs will be serialized\n");
    }

    printf("> Detected Compute SM %d.%d hardware with %d multi-processors\n",
           deviceProp.major, deviceProp.minor, deviceProp.multiProcessorCount);

    // allocate host memory
    clock_t *a = 0;                     // pointer to the array data in host memory
    checkCudaErrors(cudaMallocHost((void **)&a, nbytes));

    // allocate device memory
    clock_t *d_a = 0;             // pointers to data and init value in the device memory
    checkCudaErrors(cudaMalloc((void **)&d_a, nbytes));

    // allocate and initialize an array of stream handles
    cudaStream_t *streams = (cudaStream_t *) malloc(nstreams * sizeof(cudaStream_t));

    for (int i = 0; i < nstreams; i++)
    {
        checkCudaErrors(cudaStreamCreate(&(streams[i])));
    }

    // create CUDA event handles
    cudaEvent_t start_event, stop_event;
    checkCudaErrors(cudaEventCreate(&start_event));
    checkCudaErrors(cudaEventCreate(&stop_event));


    // the events are used for synchronization only and hence do not need to record timings
    // this also makes events not introduce global sync points when recorded which is critical to get overlap
    cudaEvent_t *kernelEvent;
    kernelEvent = (cudaEvent_t *) malloc(nkernels * sizeof(cudaEvent_t));

    for (int i = 0; i < nkernels; i++)
    {
        checkCudaErrors(cudaEventCreateWithFlags(&(kernelEvent[i]), cudaEventDisableTiming));
    }

    //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    // time execution with nkernels streams
    clock_t total_clocks = 0;
#if defined(__arm__) || defined(__aarch64__)
    // the kernel takes more time than the channel reset time on arm archs, so to prevent hangs reduce time_clocks.
    clock_t time_clocks = (clock_t)(kernel_time * (deviceProp.clockRate / 1000));
#else
    clock_t time_clocks = (clock_t)(kernel_time * deviceProp.clockRate);
#endif

    cudaEventRecord(start_event, 0);

    // queue nkernels in separate streams and record when they are done
    for (int i=0; i<nkernels; ++i)
    {
        clock_block<<<1,1,0,streams[i]>>>(&d_a[i], time_clocks);
        total_clocks += time_clocks;
        checkCudaErrors(cudaEventRecord(kernelEvent[i], streams[i]));

        // make the last stream wait for the kernel event to be recorded
        checkCudaErrors(cudaStreamWaitEvent(streams[nstreams-1], kernelEvent[i],0));
    }

    // queue a sum kernel and a copy back to host in the last stream.
    // the commands in this stream get dispatched as soon as all the kernel events have been recorded
    sum<<<1,32,0,streams[nstreams-1]>>>(d_a, nkernels);
    checkCudaErrors(cudaMemcpyAsync(a, d_a, sizeof(clock_t), cudaMemcpyDeviceToHost, streams[nstreams-1]));

    // at this point the CPU has dispatched all work for the GPU and can continue processing other tasks in parallel

    // in this sample we just wait until the GPU is done
    checkCudaErrors(cudaEventRecord(stop_event, 0));
    checkCudaErrors(cudaEventSynchronize(stop_event));
    checkCudaErrors(cudaEventElapsedTime(&elapsed_time, start_event, stop_event));

    printf("Expected time for serial execution of %d kernels = %.3fs\n", nkernels, nkernels * kernel_time/1000.0f);
    printf("Expected time for concurrent execution of %d kernels = %.3fs\n", nkernels, kernel_time/1000.0f);
    printf("Measured time for sample = %.3fs\n", elapsed_time/1000.0f);

    bool bTestResult  = (a[0] > total_clocks);

    // release resources
    for (int i = 0; i < nkernels; i++)
    {
        cudaStreamDestroy(streams[i]);
        cudaEventDestroy(kernelEvent[i]);
    }

    free(streams);
    free(kernelEvent);

    cudaEventDestroy(start_event);
    cudaEventDestroy(stop_event);
    cudaFreeHost(a);
    cudaFree(d_a);

    if (!bTestResult)
    {
        printf("Test failed!\n");
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }

    printf("Test passed\n");
    exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}